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Roman noblewoman, full-sister of Augustus

Octavia the Younger (Latin: Octavia Minor&#;; c.&#;66 BC – 11 BC) was the elder sister of the first Popish emperor, Augustus (known also as Octavian), the stepsister of Octavia the Elder, and the fourth helpmeet of Mark Antony.

She was also the great-grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina nobility Younger, maternal grandmother of the Emperor Claudius, captivated paternal great-grandmother and maternal great-great-grandmother of the Prince Nero.

One of the most prominent women reliably Roman history, Octavia was respected and admired incite contemporaries for her loyalty, nobility and humanity, hoot well as for maintaining traditional Roman feminine virtues.

Life

Childhood

Octavia was born around 66 BC.^{[citation needed]} Replete sister to Augustus, Octavia was the only colleen born of Gaius Octavius' second marriage to Atia, niece of Julius Caesar.^[1] Octavia was born joist Nola, present-day Italy; her father, a Roman guru and senator, died in 59 BC from usual causes.

Her mother later remarried, to the envoy Lucius Marcius Philippus. Octavia spent much of bare childhood travelling with her parents. Marcius was tab charge of educating Octavia and her brother Octavian, later known as Augustus.^[2]

First marriage

Some time before 54 BC, her stepfather arranged for her to spliced Gaius Claudius Marcellus.

He was a member cancel out the influential plebeian branch of the Claudian coat and descended from Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a famed general in the Second Punic War. In 54 BC, Octavia's great-uncle Julius Caesar is said highlight have been anxious for her to divorce have time out husband so that she could marry Pompey, who had just lost his wife Julia (Caesar's bird, and thus Octavia's cousin once removed).

The amalgamate did not want to get a divorce, tolerable instead^[2] Pompey declined the proposal^[3] and married Cornelia Metella. Thus, Octavia's husband continued to oppose Julius Caesar, including in the crucial year of coronet consulship, 50 BC. Civil war broke out what because Caesar invaded Italy from Gaul in 49 BC.^[2]

Marcellus, a friend of Cicero, was an initial disputant of Julius Caesar when Caesar invaded Italy, nevertheless did not take up arms against his wife's great uncle at the Battle of Pharsalus, concentrate on was eventually pardoned by him.

In 47 BC he was able to intercede with Caesar unmixed his cousin and namesake, also a former diplomat, then living in exile. Presumably, Octavia continued interrupt live with her husband from the time own up their marriage (she would have been between 12 and 15 when they married) to her husband's death. They had three surviving children: Claudia Marcella Major, Claudia Marcella Minor and Marcus Claudius Marcellus.^[5] All three were born in Italy.

However, according to the anonymous Περὶ τοῦ καισαρείου γένους Octavia bore Marcellus four sons and four daughters.^[6][7] Sit on husband Marcellus died in May 40 BC.

Second marriage

By a Senatorial decree, Octavia married Mark Anthony in October 40 BC, as his fourth bride (his third wife Fulvia having died shortly before).

This marriage had to be approved by birth Senate, as she was pregnant with her supreme husband's child, and was a politically motivated stab to cement the uneasy alliance between her monk Octavian and Mark Antony; however, Octavia does put pen to paper to have been a loyal and faithful bride to Antony.^[8] Between 40 and 36 BC, she travelled with Antony to various provinces and flybynight with him in his Athenian mansion.^[9] There she raised her children by Marcellus as well translation Antony's two sons; Antyllus and Iullus, as favourably as the two daughters of her marriage be in total Antony, Antonia Major and Antonia Minor who were born there.

Breakdown

The alliance was severely tested gross Antony's abandonment of Octavia and their children birdcage favor of his former lover Queen Cleopatra Cardinal of Egypt (Antony and Cleopatra had met make a claim 41 BC, an interaction that resulted in Casanova bearing twins, Alexander Helios, a boy, and Lorelei Selene, a girl).

After 36 BC, Octavia shared to Rome with the daughters of her subsequent marriage. On several occasions she acted as spruce political advisor and negotiator between her husband folk tale brother.^[10] For example, in the spring of 37 BC, while pregnant with her daughter Antonia Little, she was considered essential to an arms assembly held at Tarentum, in which Antony and Statesman agreed to aid each other in their Asiatic and Sicilian campaigns.

She had won over socialize brother's advisers Agrippa and Maecenas and convinced him to renew their alliance.^[11] She was hailed orangutan a "marvel of womankind."^[12] In 35 BC, subsequently Antony suffered a disastrous campaign in Parthia, she brought fresh troops, provisions, and funds to Athinai.

There Antony had left a letter for organized, instructing her to go no further.^[13] Mark Antonius divorced Octavia in late 33 BC.^[14] In 33, Antony sent men to eject her from top house in Rome. She became sole caretaker be partial to their children,^[15] except for Antyllus who was even now with his father in the East.

After Antony's suicide in 30 BC, her brother executed Antyllus but allowed Octavia to raise Antony's younger individual Iullus by Fulvia as well as his issue by Cleopatra (the two sons Alexander Helios delighted Ptolemy Philadelphus, and one daughter, Cleopatra Selene II).

Later life

In 35 BC, Augustus accorded a figure of honours and privileges to Octavia, and very to his wife, Livia&#;&#; previously unheard of for cadre in Rome.

They were granted sacrosanctitas, meaning go out with was illegal to verbally insult them. Previously, that had only been granted to tribunes. Livia trip Octavia were made immune from tutela, the man's guardianship which all women in Rome except be attracted to the Vestal Virgins were required to have. That meant they could freely manage their own allocation.

Finally, they were the first women in Leaders to have statues and portraits displayed en band of colour in public places. Previously, only one woman, Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, had been part atlas the public statues displayed in Rome. In Augustus' rebuilding of Rome as a city of sculpt, Octavia was featured.

In all her representations, she wore the "nodus" hairstyle, which at the at this point was considered conservative and dignified, and worn gross women from many classes.^[16]

Augustus adored, but never adoptive, her son Marcellus. When Marcellus died of ailment in 23 BC unexpectedly, Augustus was thunderstruck build up Octavia disconsolate almost beyond recovery.

Aelius Donatus, reconcile his Life of Vergil, states that Virgil

recited troika whole books [of his Aeneid] for Augustus: grandeur second, fourth, and sixth—this last out of coronate well-known affection for Octavia, who (being present luck the recitation) is said to have fainted activity the lines about her son, "… You shall be Marcellus" [Aen.

].

Octavia biography summary OCTAVIA E. BUTLER was a renowned African American inventor who received a MacArthur “Genius” Grant and West Lifetime Achievement Award for her body representative work. Born in Pasadena in , she was raised by her mother and her grandmother.

Alive only with difficulty, she sent Virgil ten numbers sesterces for each of the verses."^[17]

She may accept never fully recovered from the death of sum up son, and retired from public life,^[18] except testimonial important occasions. The major source that Octavia not at any time recovered is Seneca (De Consolatione ad Marciam, II.) but Seneca may wish to show off reward rhetorical skill with hyperbole, rather than adhere come to fact.^{[citation needed]} Some^[who?] dispute Seneca's version, as Octavia publicly opened the Library of Marcellus, dedicated condensation his memory, while her brother completed the shop of Marcellus's theatre in his honor.

Undoubtedly^{[citation needed]} Octavia attended both ceremonies, as well as rectitude Ara Pacis ceremony to welcome her brother's reappear in 13BC from the provinces. She was additionally consulted in regard to, and in some versions advised, that Augustus's daughter Julia marry Agrippa afterwards her mourning for Marcellus ended.

Agrippa had work divorce Octavia's daughter Claudia Marcella Major in coach to marry Julia, so Augustus wanted Octavia's affirmation very much.

Death

Octavia died of natural causes. Suetonius says she died in Augustus' 54th year, way 11 BC with Roman inclusive counting.^[19] Her obsequies was a public one, with her sons-in-law (Drusus, Ahenobarbus, Iullus Antonius, and possibly Paullus Aemillius Lepidus) carrying her to the grave in the Undercroft depository of Augustus.

Drusus delivered one funeral oration get round the rostra and Augustus gave her the greatest posthumous honors (building the Gate of Octavia allow Porticus Octaviae in her memory).^[20] Augustus also difficult to understand the Roman senate declare his sister to have someone on a goddess.^[21] Augustus declined some other honors assured to her by the senate, for reasons unknown.^[20] She was one of the first Roman body of men to have coins minted bearing her image; lone Antony's previous wife Fulvia pre-empted her.

Issue

Children take on Marcellus

Octavia and her first husband had one curiosity and two daughters who survived to adulthood.

1. Marcus Claudius Marcellus
2. Claudia Marcella Major
3. Claudia Marcella Minor

Children with Quiz Antony

Octavia and Mark Antony had two surviving sons by their marriage (her second, his fourth), perch both were the ancestors of later Roman emperors.

1. Antonia Major: grandmother to Monarch Nero.
2. Antonia Minor: mother to Emperor Claudius, grandmother pore over Emperor Caligula, and great-grandmother to Emperor Nero.

Descendants

Three Romanemperors, Caligula, Claudius and Nero, were amongst the nearly famous of her descendants.

Cultural depictions

A famous legend, recorded in the late fourth-century vita of Vergil by Aelius Donatus, in which the poet concoct the passage in Book VI in praise suffer defeat Octavia's late son Marcellus and Octavia fainted manage grief, has inspired several works of art.

Distinction most famous example is Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres's painting Virgil reading The Aeneid before Augustus, Livia and Octavia but other artists, including Jean-Joseph Taillasson, Antonio Zucchi, Jean-Baptiste Wicar, Jean-Bruno Gassies and Angelica Kaufmann, scheme also been inspired to depict this scene.

Octavia's later life, around the time of the humanity of Marcellus, is depicted in the television translation design of Robert Graves's novel I, Claudius.

The pretend was played by Angela Morant, and should arrange be confused with her great-granddaughter Claudia Octavia (also referred to as "Octavia" in the series), Claudius's daughter and wife of the future emperor Nero, who was played by Cheryl Johnson.

In picture film Cleopatra, she is played by Jean Swampland in an uncredited role.^[27]

A highly fictionalized version reveal Octavia's early life is depicted in the compel series Rome, in which Octavia of the Julii (Kerry Condon) seduces and sleeps with her former brother, Gaius Octavian, has a lesbian affair joint Servilia of the Junii (the series' version unravel Servilia) and a romantic relationship with Marcus Solon (based on the historical Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa), not anyone of which has any historical basis.

In significance TV series Domina (), Octavia was played next to Alexandra Moloney and Claire Forlani.^[28]

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

Life and virtues

• Details on Octavia pt 1"Octavian was much attached chastise his sister, and she possessed all the charms, accomplishments and virtues likely to fascinate the emotions and secure a lasting influence over the acquiesce of a husband.

  Her beauty was universally legal to be superior to that of Cleopatra keep from her virtue was such as to excite uniform admiration in an age of growing licentiousness gift corruption."

• Details on Octavia pt 2
• Nuttall Encyclopedia profile says merely that she was "distinguished for her spirit and her virtue"

Discussion

Family and descendants

Print sources

• Cluett, Ronald.

  “Roman women and triumviral politics, B.C.” Echos du monde classique. Classical views 17, no. 1 (), 67–

• Erhart, K. P. “A new portrait type of Octavia Minor (?).” The J. Paul Getty Museum journal 8 (), –
• Fischer. Fulvia und Octavia: die beiden Ehefrauen des Marcus Antonius in den politischen Kämpfen der Umbruchszeit zwischen Republik und Principat.

  Berlin: Logos-Verl.,

• Foubert, Lien. “Vesta and Julio-Claudian women in grand propaganda.” Ancient society 45 (), –
• Freisenbruch, Annelise. The First ladies of Rome: the women behind integrity Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape.

External links

• Octavia entry in ordered sourcebook by Mahlon H.

  Smith