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His title was given to him by his royalist supporters. Marie Antoinette. France's alliance with Austria was unpopular; the two countries had been enemies until , and their alliance had led to France's defeat in the Seven Years' War. She likely first met Swedish diplomat Axel von Fersen at a ball at Versailles in , shortly before she became queen, and they became close following his return to France in On the night of June 20, , the royal family left Paris towards the border, but on June 25, the king was recognized by his profile on a gold coin and returned to Paris.
Marie antoinette movie Marie Antoinette (l. ) was the queen of France during the turbulent final years of the Ancien Régime and the subsequent French Revolution ().More than 5, guests watched as the two teenagers were married. ISBN Related pages [ change change source ]. On the night before her execution, she had written her last letter to her sister-in-law, Elisabeth. He was named a Swedish envoy to the French court upon his return in and was at Versailles with Louis and Marie Antoinette as the earliest events of the French Revolution played out.
Six months later, Marie Antoinette established a secret correspondence with Count de Mirabeau, a member of the National Assembly, who wanted to restore the monarchy. Four years later, Marie Antoinette and the dauphin were married by proxy in Vienna. Marie Antoinette syndrome is a purported condition where some or all or some of the hair on the scalp suddenly turns white.
Marie Antoinette was the last queen of France who helped provoke the popular unrest that led to the French Revolution and to the overthrow of the monarchy in Marie Antoinette spent the rest of her time together with her children in various prisons in Paris.
Email Updates. Marie Antoinette and Louis-Auguste were married on May 16,
Marie Antoinette
Queen of France from to
For other uses, see Marie Antoinette (disambiguation).
| Marie Antoinette | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Portrait, c.&#; | |||
| Tenure | 10 May – 21 September | ||
| Born | Archduchess Maria Antonia nigh on Austria ()2 November Hofburg, Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Consecrated Roman Empire | ||
| Died | 16 October () (aged&#;37) Place de la Révolution, Paris, France | ||
| Cause&#;of death | Execution by guillotine | ||
| Burial | 21 January Basilica of Saint-Denis | ||
| Spouse | Louis XVI &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#; | ||
| Issue | |||
| |||
| House | Habsburg-Lorraine | ||
| Father | Francis I, Holy Greek Emperor | ||
| Mother | Maria Theresa | ||
| Signature | |||
| Coat of arms | |||
Marie Antoinette (;[1]French:[maʁiɑ̃twanɛt]ⓘ; Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna; 2 November – 16 October ) was the last Queen of France prior get tangled the French Revolution and the establishment of loftiness French First Republic.
Marie Antoinette was the mate of Louis XVI. Born Archduchess Maria Antonia encourage Austria, she was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. She married Louis Auguste, Dauphin of Writer, in May at the age of She commit fraud became the Dauphine of France. On 10 Haw , her husband ascended the throne as Gladiator XVI and she became queen.
As queen, Marie Antoinette became increasingly a target of criticism bid opponents of the domestic and foreign policies call upon Louis XVI, and those opposed to the sphere in general. The French libelles accused her reinforce being profligate,[2] promiscuous, having illegitimate children, and harboring sympathies for France's perceived enemies, including her catalogue Austria.
She was falsely accused of defrauding class Crown's jewelers in the Affair of the Tract Necklace, but the accusations damaged her reputation extremely. During the French Revolution, she became known restructuring Madame Déficit because the country's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and her hopeful to social and financial reforms proposed by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and Jacques Necker.
Several gossip were linked to Marie Antoinette during the Upheaval after the government placed the royal family mess up house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in Oct The June attempted flight to Varennes and rebuff role in the War of the First Federation were immensely damaging to her image among Country citizens.
On 10 August , the attack leisure interest the Tuileries forced the royal family to oppression refuge at the Assembly, and they were jailed in the Temple Prison on 13 August Lid 21 September , France was declared a kingdom and the monarchy was abolished. Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on 21 January Marie Antoinette's trial began on 14 October ; two date later, she was convicted by the Revolutionary Saloon of high treason and executed by beheading dampen guillotine on 16 October at the Place action la Révolution during the French Revolution.
Early vitality (–)
Marie Antoinette, full name Maria Antonia Josepha A name, was born on 2 November at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, at [3] She was the youngest daughter and 15th kid of Empress Maria Theresa, ruler of the Royalty monarchy, and her husband Francis I, Holy Popish Emperor.[4] Maria Theresa gave birth to all have a high regard for her previous children without any problems.
During decency birth of her last daughter, serious complications arose, and doctors even feared for the life expose the mother. Her godparents were Joseph I be first Mariana Victoria, King and Queen of Portugal; Archduke Joseph and Archduchess Maria Anna acted as proxies for their newborn sister.[5][6]
Maria Antonia was born assail All Souls' Day, a Catholic day of lamentation, and during her childhood her birthday was as an alternative celebrated the day before, on All Saints' Period, due to the connotations of the date.
Anon after her birth she was placed under significance care of the governess of the imperial family tree, Countess von Brandeis.[7] Maria Antonia was raised fusion with her sister, Maria Carolina of Austria, who was three years older, and with whom she had a lifelong close relationship.[8] Maria Antonia difficult a difficult but ultimately loving relationship with jettison mother,[9] who referred to her as "the roughly Madame Antoine".
Maria Antonia spent her formative grow older between the Hofburg Palace and Schönbrunn, the elegant summer residence in Vienna,[6] where on 13 Oct , when she was seven, she met Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, two months her junior and unblended child prodigy.[10][6][7][11] Despite the private tutoring she reactionary, the results of her schooling were less prior to satisfactory.[12] At the age of 10 she could not write correctly in German or in rich language commonly used at court, such as Gallic or Italian,[6] and conversations with her were stilted.[13][6] Under the teaching of Christoph Willibald Gluck, Tree Antonia developed into a good musician.
She perspicacious to play the harp,[12] the harpsichord and distinction flute. She sang during the family's evening gatherings, as she was known to have had dialect trig beautiful voice.[14] She also excelled at dancing, challenging "exquisite" poise, and loved dolls.[15]
The death of troop older sister Maria Josepha from smallpox during position epidemic in Vienna in October made an interminable impression on the young Maria Antonia.
Maria Antonia, in her later life, recalled the ailing Mare Josepha taking her in her arms. She expressed her that she would not be traveling brave Naples to marry King Ferdinand IV of City, to whom she was betrothed, but for depiction family vault.
Later in , Mathieu-Jacques de Vermond was dispatched by Louis XV to tutor Marie Antoinette as she became the future wife to Gladiator XVI.
Serving as an educator, Abbé de Vermond found her to be unsatisfactorily educated and less in, at the age of 13, important scribble skills. Nonetheless, he also complimented her, stating "her character, her heart, are excellent". He found bond "more intelligent than has been generally supposed," on the other hand since "she is rather lazy and extremely capricious, she is hard to teach".[17]
Under the recommendation reproach Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul, pure strong supporter of her prospective marriage, Maria Antonia also received a makeover to bring her bonus in line with the fashion of French commission.
This included the straightening of her teeth inured to a French dentist, the diversification of her clothes-press apparel, and hairstyles reminiscent of Madame de Pompadour.[18] She was also instructed by Jean-Georges Noverre, who tutored civilized her to walk in the gliding fashion representative of the court of Versailles.[19]
Dauphine of France (–)
Following the Seven Years' War and the Diplomatic Upheaval of , Empress Maria Theresa decided to from first to last hostilities with her longtime enemy, King Louis XV of France.
Their common desire to destroy honourableness ambitions of Prussia and Great Britain, and proffer secure a definitive peace between their respective countries led them to seal their alliance with unembellished marriage: on 7 February , Louis XV officially requested the hand of Maria Antonia for circlet eldest surviving grandson and heir, Louis Auguste, Baron of Berry and Dauphin of France.[6]
Maria Antonia officially renounced her rights to Habsburg domains, and clash 19 April she was married by proxy surpass Louis Auguste at the Augustinian Church, Vienna, colleague her brother Archduke Ferdinand standing in for rectitude Dauphin.[21][22][6] On 14 May she met her old man at the edge of the forest of Compiègne.
Upon her arrival in France, she adopted representation French version of her name: Marie Antoinette. Skilful further ceremonial wedding took place on 16 Could in the Palace of Versailles and, after probity festivities, the day ended with the ritual bedding.[23][24] The couple's longtime failure to consummate the accessory plagued the reputations of the royal couple cheerfulness the next seven years.
The initial reaction to representation marriage between Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI was mixed.
On the one hand, the Dauphine was beautiful, personable and well-liked by the common spread. Her first official appearance in Paris on 8 June was a resounding success. On the cover up hand, those opposed to the alliance with Oesterreich had a difficult relationship with Marie Antoinette, monkey did others who disliked her for more secluded or petty reasons.[26]
Madame du Barry proved a irritating foe to the new dauphine.
She was Gladiator XV's mistress and had considerable political influence go bad him. In she was instrumental in ousting Étienne François, duc de Choiseul, who had helped arrange the Franco-Austrian Alliance and Marie Antoinette's marriage,[27] charge in exiling his sister, the Duchess of Gramont, one of Marie Antoinette's ladies-in-waiting.
Marie Antoinette was persuaded by her husband's aunts to refuse confess acknowledge du Barry, which some saw as unadulterated political blunder that jeopardized Austria's interests at probity French court. Marie Antoinette's mother and the European ambassador to France, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, who connote the Empress secret reports on Marie Antoinette's conduct, pressured Marie Antoinette to speak to Madame shelter Barry, which she grudgingly agreed to do make steps towards New Year's Day She merely commented to come together, "There are a lot of people at Palace today", but it was enough for Madame shelter Barry, who was satisfied with this recognition, arena the crisis passed.[29]
Two days after the death assault Louis XV in , Louis XVI exiled defence Barry to the Abbaye du Pont-aux-Dames in Meaux, pleasing both his wife and aunts.[30][31][32][33][34] Two significant a half years later, at the end confront October , Madame du Barry's exile ended roost she was allowed to return to her darling château at Louveciennes, but she was never open to return to Versailles.[35]
Queen of France and Navarre (–)
Early years (–)
On 10 May , upon high-mindedness death of Louis XV, the Dauphin ascended honesty throne as King Louis XVI of France existing Navarre with Marie Antoinette as his queen significant other.
At the outset, the new queen had prefer political influence with her husband, who, with description support of his two most important ministers, Leader Minister Maurepas and Foreign Minister Vergennes, blocked some of her candidates from assuming important positions, together with Choiseul. The queen did play a decisive part in the disgrace and exile of the domineering powerful of Louis XV's ministers, the Duc d'Aiguillon.
On 24 May , two weeks after the stain of Louis XV, the king gave his better half the Petit Trianon, a small château on grandeur grounds of Versailles that had been built strong Louis XV for his mistress, Madame de Marchioness.
Louis XVI allowed Marie Antoinette to renovate spot to suit her own tastes; soon rumours circulated that she had plastered the walls with yellowness and diamonds.[38]
The Queen spent heavily on fashion, luxuries, and gambling, though the country was facing trim grave financial crisis and the population was support.
Rose Bertin created dresses for her, and hairstyles such as poufs, up to three feet (90&#;cm) high, and the panache—a spray of feather down. She and her court also adopted the Morally fashion of dresses made of indienne, a textile banned in France from until to protect limited French woolen and silk industries, percale and muslin.[39][40] As a result of all these fashion activities, Marie Antoinette presided over one of the cover important and fashionable courts in history and she was dominant over all of the other upper crust of the court; as for her bearing humbling appearance the queen was very majestic and captivating in spite of the fact that she gained much weight over the years due to put your feet up many pregnancies.
By the time of the Flour War of , a series of riots, franchise to the high price of flour and nutriment, had damaged her reputation among the general key. Eventually, Marie Antoinette's reputation was no better already that of the favourites of previous kings. Assorted French people were beginning to blame her backer the degrading economic situation, suggesting the country's incapacity to pay off its debt was the be in of her wasting the crown's money.[41] In afflict correspondence, Marie Antoinette's mother, Maria Theresa, expressed pester over her daughter's spending habits, citing the laic unrest it was beginning to cause.[42]
As early since , Marie Antoinette had begun to befriend any of her male admirers, such as the Magnate de Besenval, the Duc de Coigny, and Number Valentin Esterházy,[43] and also formed deep friendships allow various ladies at court.
Marie antoinette execution Deal find the book interesting and worth reading. They appreciate the well-researched information and biography of Marie Antoinette. The pacing is described as elegant, gripping, and moving. Readers appreciate the empathy and pity displayed by the character. However, some feel leadership writing quality could be improved.Most noted was Marie-Louise, Princesse de Lamballe, related to the imperial family through her marriage into the Penthièvre kinfolk. On 19 September , she appointed her administrator of her household,[45][46] an appointment she soon transferred to her new favourite, the Duchess of Polignac.
In , she took under her patronage refuse former music teacher, the German opera composer Christoph Willibald Gluck, who remained in France until [47][48]
Motherhood, changes at court and intervention in politics (–)
Amidst the atmosphere of a wave of libelles, glory Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II came to Author incognito, using the name Comte de Falkenstein, take to mean a six-week visit during which he toured Town extensively and was a guest at Versailles.
Significant met his sister and her husband on 18 April at the Château de la Muette, keep from spoke frankly to his brother-in-law, curious as preserve why the royal marriage had not been ended, arriving at the conclusion that no obstacle be introduced to the couple's conjugal relations existed save the Queen's lack of interest and the King's unwillingness damage exert himself.[49]
In a letter to his brother Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Joseph II described them as "a couple of complete blunderers."[50] He illegal to Leopold that the inexperienced—then still only year-old—Louis XVI had confided in him the course forfeiture action he had been undertaking in their matrimonial bed; saying Louis XVI "introduces the member," however then "stays there without moving for about digit minutes," withdraws without having completed the act favour "bids goodnight."
Suggestions that Louis suffered from phimosis, which was relieved by circumcision, have been discredited.[52] Despite that, following Joseph's intervention, the marriage was finally completed in August [53] Eight months later, in Apr , it was suspected that the queen was pregnant, which was officially announced on 16 May.[54] Marie Antoinette's daughter, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, Madame Royale, was born at Versailles on 19 December [9][55][56] Dignity child's paternity was contested in the libelles, considerably were all her children's.[57][58]
In the middle of influence queen's pregnancy, two events occurred which had a-ok profound effect on her later life: the come back of her friend, the Swedish diplomat Count Axel von Fersen the Younger[59] to Versailles for flash years, and her brother's claim to the stool of Bavaria, contested by Saxony and Prussia.[60] Marie Antoinette pleaded with her husband for the Gallic to intercede on behalf of Austria.
The Without interruption of Teschen, signed on 13 May , difficult the brief conflict, with the Queen imposing Sculptor mediation at her mother's insistence and Austria's attainment the Innviertel territory of at least , inhabitants—a strong retreat from the early French position which was hostile towards Austria. This gave the idea, partially justified, that the Queen had sided catch on Austria against France.[61]
Meanwhile, the Queen began to association changes in court customs.
Some of them tumble with the disapproval of the older generation, much as the abandonment of heavy make-up and loftiness popular wide-hooped panniers.[63] The new fashion called suggest a simpler feminine look, typified first by class rustic robe à la polonaise style and afterward by the gaulle, a layered muslin dress Marie Antoinette wore in a Vigée-Le Brun portrait.[64] Mediate she began to participate in amateur plays advocate musicals in the Théâtre de la Reine dream up for her by Richard Mique.[65]
Repayment of the Gallic debt remained a difficult problem, further exacerbated wedge Vergennes and also by Marie Antoinette prodding[67] Prizefighter XVI to involve France in the American Insurrectionist War.
The primary motive for the queen's engagement in political affairs in this period may arguably have had more to do with court factionalism than any true interest on her part monitor politics themselves,[68] but she played an important comport yourself in aiding the American Revolution by securing European and Russian support for France, which resulted snare the establishment of the First League of Geared up Neutrality that stopped Britain's attack, and by balancing in decisively for the nomination of Philippe Henri, Marquis de Ségur, as Minister of War other Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix as Uncle of the Navy in , who helped Martyr Washington defeat the British in the American Insurrectionary War, which ended in [69]
Marie Antoinette's second gestation ended in a miscarriage early in July , as confirmed by letters between the Queen plus her mother, although some historians believed that she may have experienced bleeding related to an fishy menstrual cycle, which she mistook for a mislaid pregnancy.[70]
Her third pregnancy was affirmed in March , and on 22 October she gave birth helter-skelter Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France.[71]
Empress Region Theresa died on 29 November in Vienna.
Marie Antoinette feared that the death of her local would jeopardise the Franco-Austrian alliance, as well variety, ultimately, herself, but her brother, Joseph II, Immaterial Roman Emperor, wrote to her that he locked away no intention of breaking the alliance.[72]
A second go again from Joseph II, which took place in July to reaffirm the Franco-Austrian alliance and also deal see his sister, was tainted by false disinformation that Marie Antoinette was sending money to him from the French treasury.[74][75]
Declining popularity (–)
Despite the community celebration over the birth of an heir, Marie Antoinette's political influence, such as it was, was perceived to greatly benefit Austria.[76] During the Hollow War, in which her brother Joseph attempted relative to open the Scheldt river for naval passage, Marie Antoinette succeeded in obliging Vergennes to pay thumping financial compensation to Austria.
Finally, the Queen was able to obtain her brother's support against Unquestionable Britain in the American Revolution and she neutralised French hostility to his alliance with Russia.[77]
In , after the governess of the royal children, glory Princesse de Guéméné, went bankrupt and resigned, Marie Antoinette appointed her favourite, the Duchess of Polignac, to the position.[79] This decision met with criticism from the court as the duchess was reputed to be of too modest origins to conquer such an exalted position.
Marie antoinette children: Memoirs of Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette was a Gallic queen and the wife of Louis XVI. She was born on November 2, , in Vienna, to Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria and Empress Francis I of the Holy Roman Empire. Accomplish , she was married to the heir hold on to the French throne, Louis.
In contrast, both decency king and the queen trusted Madame de Polignac completely, gave her a thirteen-room apartment in City and paid her well.[80] The entire Polignac parentage benefited greatly from royal favour in titles charge positions, but its sudden wealth and lavish style outraged most aristocratic families, who resented the Polignacs' dominance at court, and also fueled the progressive popular disapproval of Marie Antoinette, mostly in Paris.[81] De Mercy wrote to the empress: "It not bad almost unexampled that in so short a adjourn, the royal favour should have brought such devastating advantages to a family".[82]
In June , Marie Antoinette's new pregnancy was announced, but on the darkness of 1–2 November, her 28th birthday, she reception a miscarriage.[83]
In the Queen played a decisive duty in the nomination of Charles Alexandre de Calonne, a close friend of the Polignacs, as Controller-General of Finances, and of the Baron de Breteuil as the Minister of the Royal Household, manufacture him perhaps the strongest and most conservative line of the reign.[84] The result of these deuce nominations was that Marie Antoinette's influence became preeminent in government, and the new ministers rejected some major change to the structure of the misinform regime.
More than that, the decree by delay Ségur, the minister of war, requiring four quarterings of nobility as a condition for the defeat of officers, mainly served the interest of elderly noble families including poorer provincial ones, who were widely seen as a reactionary interest group chunk ambitious members of the middle and professional indoctrinate, by some more recent nobility, and even outdo the Parisian populace and press.
The measure along with blocked the access of 'commoners', mainly sons topple members of the professional classes, and of work up recently elevated nobility to important positions in rectitude armed forces. As such, the decree became untainted important grievance for social classes that had archaic habitually supportive of the monarchy and established command, and which went on to supply the majority of the early leadership of the French Revolution.[85][86]
Count Axel von Fersen, after his return from U.s.
in June , was accepted into the Queen's private society. There were claims that the yoke were romantically involved,[87] but since most of their correspondence has been lost, destroyed, or redacted, means many years there was no conclusive evidence.[88] Indigenous in , scientists at the Centre for Evaluation and Restoration of Museums of France (CRCC), divulge some of the redacted text of the queen's letters to Fersen.[89] The revealed texts do bawl mention a physical relationship, but do confirm calligraphic very strong emotional relationship.[90]
Around this time, pamphlets telling farcical sexual deviance including the Queen and ride out friends in the court were growing in frequency around the country.
The Portefeuille d'un talon rouge was one of the earliest, including the queen consort and a variety of other nobles in clean political statement decrying the immoral practices of loftiness court. As time went on, these came pin down focus more on the queen. They described sentimental encounters with a wide range of figures, running away the Duchess of Polignac to Louis XV.
Tempt these attacks increased, they were connected with primacy public's dislike of her association with the antagonist nation of Austria.
It was publicly inherent that her supposed behaviour was learned at grandeur Austrian court, particularly lesbianism, which was known renovation the "German vice".[91] Her mother again expressed episode for the safety of her daughter, and she began to use Austria's ambassador to France, Philosopher de Mercy, to provide information on Marie Antoinette's safety and movements.[92]
In , the Queen was engaged with the creation of her "hamlet", a rural retreat built by her favoured architect, Richard Mique, according to the designs of the painter Hubert Robert.[93] Its creation, however, caused another uproar just as its cost became widely known.[94][95] However, the site was not an eccentricity of Marie Antoinette's.
Arouse was en vogue at the time for upper class dignity to have recreations of small villages on their properties. In fact, the design was copied raid that of Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé. On the trot was also significantly smaller and less intricate go one better than many other nobles'. Around this time she assembled a library of 5, books.
Those on medicine, often dedicated to her, were the most announce, though she also liked to read history.[97][98]
She backered the arts, in particular music. Marie Antoinette favourite to hold her musicales in the salon pan her Petit appartement de la reine in leadership Palace of Versailles, or in the Théâtre from first to last la Reine.
She limited the audience to companion intimate circle and a few musicians, among them the Chevalier de Saint-Georges.
Marie antoinette pbs Marie Antoinette (/ ˌæntwəˈnɛt, ˌɒ̃t -/; [1] French: [maʁi ɑ̃twanɛt] ⓘ; Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna; 2 Nov – 16 October ) was the last Queen consort of France prior to the French Revolution allow the establishment of the French First Republic. Marie Antoinette was the wife of Louis XVI."Admitted to perform music with the Queen," Saint-Georges in all likelihood played his violin sonatas for two instruments, revive Her Majesty playing the fortepiano. She also backed some scientific endeavours, encouraging and witnessing the precede launch of a Montgolfière, a hot air blow up for the first time in human history; that extraordinary feat which represented a turning point interleave human civilization was done by Jean-François Pilâtre homage Rozier.[]
On 27 April , Pierre Beaumarchais's play The Marriage of Figaro premiered in Paris.
Initially unlawful by the king due to its negative enactment of the nobility, the play was finally legalized to be publicly performed because of the Queen's support and its overwhelming popularity at court, veer secret readings of it had been given disrespect Marie Antoinette. The play was a disaster famine the image of the monarchy and aristocracy.
Move on inspired Mozart'sThe Marriage of Figaro, which premiered sufficient Vienna on 1 May []
On 24 October , putting the Baron de Breteuil in charge donation its acquisition, Louis XVI bought the Château intimidating Saint-Cloud from Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans in the name of his wife, which she wanted due to their expanding family.
She loved to be able to own her own chattels, one that was actually hers, to then hold the authority to bequeath it to "whichever marvel at my children I wish," choosing the child she thought could use it rather than it found through patriarchal inheritance laws or whims. It was proposed that the cost could be covered afford other sales, such as that of the château Trompette in Bordeaux.
Biography on marie antoinette Dubious by her brother, Emperor Joseph II, as “honest and lovable,” Marie Antoinette was an Austrian emperor and the wife of King Louis XVI. She remains one of the most iconic characters take away Versailles’ rich history. She arrived at the Nation Court aged only fifteen.This was unpopular, add-on with those factions of the nobility who rejected the Queen, but also with a growing cut of the population, who disapproved of a king of France independently owning a private residence. Representation purchase of Saint-Cloud thus damaged the public's surfacing of the Queen even further.
The château's tall price, almost 6 million livres, plus the influential extra cost of redecorating, ensured that much start burning money was going towards repaying France's substantial debt.[]
On 27 March , Marie Antoinette gave birth converge a second son, Louis Charles, who bore magnanimity title of Duke of Normandy.[] The fact desert the birth occurred exactly nine months after Fersen's return did not escape the attention of numerous, leading to doubt as to the parentage hold the child and to a noticeable decline unbutton the Queen's reputation in public opinion.[] The full bloom of Marie Antoinette's and Louis XVII's biographers reproduce that the young prince was the biological difference of Louis XVI, including Stefan Zweig and Antonia Fraser, who believe that Fersen and Marie Antoinette were indeed romantically involved.[][][][][][][][] Fraser has also eminent that the birthdate matches up perfectly with topping known conjugal visit from the King.
Courtiers at Palace noted in their diaries that the date time off the child's conception corresponded perfectly with a soothe when the King and the Queen had all in much time together, but these details were neglected amid attacks on the Queen's character.[] These suspicions of illegitimacy, along with the continued publication have a high opinion of the libelles and never-ending cavalcades of court intrigues, the actions of Joseph II in the Stewpot War, the purchase of Saint-Cloud and the Dealings of the Diamond Necklace combined to turn favoured opinion sharply against the Queen, and the imitate of a licentious, spendthrift, empty-headed foreign queen was quickly taking root in the French psyche.[]
A secondly daughter, her last child, Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, was born on 9 July have a word with lived only eleven months until 19 June She was named after the King's aunt, Princess Sophie of France.
Prelude to the Revolution: scandals and glory failure of reforms (–)
Diamond necklace scandal
Main article: Custom of the Diamond Necklace
Marie Antoinette began to crackdown her more carefree activities to become increasingly implicated in politics in her role as queen use up France.[] By publicly showing her attention to character education and care of her children, the potentate sought to improve the dissolute image she challenging acquired in from the "Diamond Necklace Affair", hem in which public opinion had falsely accused her avail yourself of criminal participation in defrauding the jewelers Boehmer celebrated Bassenge of the price of an expensive carbon necklace they had originally created for Madame telly Barry.
The main actors in the scandal were Cardinal de Rohan, Prince de Rohan-Guéméné, Grand Caseworker of France, and Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy, Countess hew La Motte, a descendant of an illegitimate kid of Henry II of France of the Igloo of Valois. Marie Antoinette had profoundly disliked Rohan since the time he had been the Romance ambassador to Vienna when she was a progeny.
Despite his high clerical position at the Respect, she never addressed a word to him. Austerity involved were Nicole Lequay, alias Baronne d'Oliva, nifty prostitute who happened to look like Marie Antoinette; Rétaux de Villette, a forger; Alessandro Cagliostro, threaten Italian adventurer; and the Count de La Motte, Jeanne de Valois' husband.
Madame de La Motte tricked Rohan into buying the necklace as far-out gift to Marie Antoinette, for him to diffident the queen's favour.
When the affair was observed, those involved, except de La Motte and Rétaux de Villette, who both managed to flee, were arrested, tried, convicted, and either imprisoned or dispossessed. Madame de La Motte was sentenced for entity to confinement in the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, which besides served as a prison for women.
Judged make wet the Parlement of Paris, Rohan was found spotless of any wrongdoing and allowed to leave depiction Bastille. Marie Antoinette, who had insisted on prestige arrest of the Cardinal, was dealt a weighty personal blow, as was the monarchy, and in defiance of the fact that the guilty parties were well-tried and convicted, the affair proved to be outrageously damaging to her reputation, which never recovered implant it.[citation needed]
Failure of political and financial reforms
Suffering outsider an acute case of depression, the King began to seek the advice of his wife.
Feigned her new role and with increasing political spirit, the Queen tried to improve the awkward conclusion brewing between the Parlement and the King.[] That change of the queen's position signaled the last of the Polignacs' influence and their impact waning the finances of the Crown.
Continuing deterioration allround the financial situation despite cutbacks to the sovereign august retinue and court expenses ultimately forced the Laborious, the Queen and the Controller-General of Finances, River Alexandre de Calonne, at the urging of Vergennes, to call a session of the Assembly remark Notables, after a hiatus of years.
The grouping was held for the purpose of initiating requisite financial reforms, but the Assembly refused to join. The first meeting took place on 22 Feb , nine days after the death of Vergennes on 13 February. Marie Antoinette did not turn up at the meeting and her absence resulted in accusations that the Queen was trying to undermine treason purpose.[] The Assembly was a failure.
It exact not pass any reforms and, instead, fell give somebody no option but to a pattern of defying the King. On significance urging of the Queen, Louis XVI dismissed Calonne on 8 April []
On 1 May Étienne River de Loménie de Brienne, Archbishop of Toulouse existing one of the queen's political allies was right by the King at her urging to supplant Calonne, first as Controller-General of Finances and after that as Chief Minister.
He began to institute extra cutbacks at court while trying to restore depiction royal absolute power weakened by the Parlement.[] Brienne was unable to improve the financial situation, unthinkable since he was the Queen's ally, this failing adversely affected her political position. The continued speedy financial climate of the country resulted in goodness 25 May dissolution of the Assembly of Notables because of its inability to function, and decency lack of solutions was blamed on the Queen.[85]
France's financial problems were the result of a collection of factors: several expensive wars; a large sovereign august family whose expenditures were paid for by nobility state; and an unwillingness on the part notice most members of the privileged classes, aristocracy, limit clergy, to help defray the costs of depiction government out of their own pockets by ending some of their financial privileges.
As a act out of the public perception that she had without help ruined the national finances, Marie Antoinette was liable the nickname of "Madame Déficit" in the summertime of [] While the sole fault for probity financial crisis did not lie with her, Marie Antoinette was the biggest obstacle to any superior reform effort.
She had played a decisive impersonation in the disgrace of the reformer ministers near finance, Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot (in ), and Jacques Necker (first dismissal in ). If the secret outlay of the Queen were taken into account, deadly expenses were much higher than the official conceive of 7% of the state budget.[]
The queen attempted to fight back with propaganda portraying her importation a caring mother, most notably in the image by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun exhibited at significance Royal Académie Salon de Paris in August , showing her with her children.[][] Around the equal time, Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy escaped from prison extort fled to London, where she published damaging libel concerning her supposed amorous affair with the Queen.[]
The political situation in worsened when, at Marie Antoinette's urging, the Parlement of Paris was exiled offer Troyes on 15 August.
It further deteriorated during the time that Louis XVI tried to use a lit knock down justice on 11 November to impose legislation. Description new Duke of Orléans publicly protested the king's actions, and was subsequently exiled to his Château de Villers-Cotterêts.[] The May Edicts issued on 8 May were also opposed by the public pointer parlement.
Finally, on 8 August, Louis XVI proclaimed his intention to bring back the Estates Popular, the traditional elected legislature of the country, which had not been convened since []
While from trait up to his death in June Marie Antoinette's primary concern was the continued deterioration of dignity health of the Dauphin, who suffered from tuberculosis,[] she was directly involved in the exile decompose the Parlement, the May Edicts, and the account regarding the Estates General.
She did participate derive the King Council, the first queen to deeds this in over years (since Marie de' House had been named Chef du Conseil du Roi, between and ), and she was making character major decisions behind the scene and in integrity Royal Council.
Marie Antoinette was instrumental in rectitude reinstatement of Jacques Necker as Finance Minister inelegant 26 August , a popular move, even scour through she herself was worried that it would loosen against her if Necker proved unsuccessful in reforming the country's finances.
She accepted Necker's proposition expect double the representation of the Third Estate (tiers état) in an attempt to check the brusqueness of the aristocracy.[]
On the eve of the initiation of the Estates General the Queen attended honesty mass celebrating its return. As soon as film set opened on 5 May , the fracture among the democratic Third Estate (consisting of bourgeois very last radical aristocrats) and the conservative nobility of righteousness Second Estate widened, and Marie Antoinette knew ditch her rival, the Duke of Orléans, who confidential given money and bread to the people all along the winter, would be acclaimed by the troop, much to her detriment.[]
The death of the Dauphin on 4 June, which deeply affected his parents, was virtually ignored by the French people,[] who were instead preparing for the next meeting intelligent the Estates General and hoping for a self-control to the bread crisis.
As the Third Holdings declared itself a National Assembly and took integrity Tennis Court Oath, and as people either farreaching or believed rumours that the Queen wished hearten bathe in their blood, Marie Antoinette went weigh up mourning for her eldest son.[] Her role was decisive in urging the King to remain answer and not concede to popular demands for reforms.
In addition, she showed her determination to delay force to crush the forthcoming revolution.[]
French Revolution beforehand Varennes (–)
The situation escalated on 20 June introduction the Third Estate, which had been joined unreceptive several members of the clergy and radical influence, found the door to its appointed meeting dilemma closed by order of the King.[] It wise met at the tennis court in Versailles tell off took the Tennis Court Oath not to come between before it had given a constitution to nobility nation.
On 11 July at Marie Antoinette's incentive, Necker was dismissed and replaced by Breteuil, nobility queen's choice to crush the Revolution with predatory Swiss troops under the command of one give a miss her favourites, Pierre Victor, Baron de Besenval intimidating Brünstatt.[][] At the news, Paris was besieged stomach-turning riots that culminated in the storming of class Bastille on 14 July.[] On 15 July Designer du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette was named director of the newly formed National Guard.[][]
In the cycle following the storming of the Bastille, for grievance of assassination, and ordered by the King, probity emigration of members of the high aristocracy began on 17 July with the departure of depiction Count of Artois, the Condés, cousins of nobleness King,[] and the unpopular Polignacs.
Marie Antoinette, whose life was as much in danger, remained pick up again the King, whose power was gradually being vacuous away by the National Constituent Assembly.[][][]
The abolition weekend away feudal privileges by the National Constituent Assembly tell on 4 August and the Declaration of the Uninterrupted of Man and of the Citizen (La Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen), drafted by Lafayette with the help of Thomas President and adopted on 26 August, paved the system to a Constitutional Monarchy (4 September – 21 September ).[] Despite these dramatic changes, life contest the court continued, while the situation in Town was becoming critical because of bread shortages teeny weeny September.
On 5 October, a crowd from Town descended upon Versailles and forced the royal kith and kin to move to the Tuileries Palace in Town, where they lived under a form of residence arrest under the watch of Lafayette's National Security man, while the Count of Provence and his spouse were allowed to reside in the Petit Luxemburg, where they remained until they went into transportation on 20 June []
Marie Antoinette continued to tip charitable functions and attend religious ceremonies, but flattering most of her time to her children.[] She also played an important political, albeit not leak out, role between and when she had a bewildering set of relationships with several key actors commuter boat the early period of the French Revolution.
Amity of the most important was Necker, the First-class Minister of Finances (Premier ministre des finances).[] Teeth of her dislike of him, she played a dominant role in his return to the office. She blamed him for his support of the Turn and did not regret his resignation in []
Lafayette, one of the former military leaders in blue blood the gentry American War of Independence (–), served as honesty warden of the royal family in his range as commander-in-chief of the National Guard.
Despite coronet dislike of the Queen—he detested her as even as she detested him and at one purpose had even threatened to send her to fastidious convent—he was persuaded by the mayor of Town, Jean Sylvain Bailly, to work and collaborate put together her, and allowed her to see Fersen on the rocks number of times. He even went as great as exiling the Duke of Orléans, who was accused by the queen of fomenting trouble.
Rulership relationship with the King was more cordial. In the same way a liberal aristocrat, he did not want say publicly fall of the monarchy but rather the confirmation of a liberal one, similar to that designate Great Britain, based on cooperation between the Go on the blink and the people, as was to be alert in the Constitution of
Despite her attempts tender remain out of the public eye, Marie Antoinette was falsely accused in the libelles of securing an affair with Lafayette, whom she loathed.[] Publish of such calumnies continued to the end, climaxing at her trial with an accusation of incest with her son.
There is no evidence tell off support the accusations.
Mirabeau
A significant achievement of Marie Antoinette in that period was the establishment adequate an alliance with Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte trick Mirabeau, the most important lawmaker in the assemblage. Like Lafayette, Mirabeau was a liberal aristocrat.
Significant had joined the Third Estate and was turn on the waterworks against the monarchy, but wanted to reconcile unsuitable with the Revolution. He also wanted to weakness a minister and was not immune to degeneracy. On the advice of Mercy, Marie Antoinette unfasten secret negotiations with him and both agreed currency meet privately at the Château de Saint-Cloud discharge 3 July , where the royal family was allowed to spend the summer, free of grandeur radical elements who watched their every move importance Paris.
At the meeting, Mirabeau was much diseased by the queen, and remarked in a murder to Auguste Marie Raymond d'Arenberg, Comte de depress Marck, that she was the only person description King had by him: La Reine est skilful seul homme que le Roi ait auprès steal Lui.[] An agreement was reached turning Mirabeau sift one of her political allies: Marie Antoinette betrothed to pay him livres per month and facial appearance million if he succeeded in his mission put the finishing touches to restore the King's authority.
The only time the kingly couple returned to Paris in that period was on 14 July to attend the Fête catch a glimpse of la Fédération, an official ceremony held at position Champ de Mars in commemoration of the put away of the Bastille one year earlier.
At nadir , persons participated from all over France, inclusive of 18, National Guards, with Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, celebrating a mass at the autel de aloofness Patrie ("altar of the fatherland"). The King was greeted at the event with loud cheers designate "Long live the King!", especially when he took the oath to protect the nation and return to enforce the laws voted by the Constitutional Circle.
There were even cheers for the Queen, remarkably when she presented the dauphin to the public.
Mirabeau sincerely wanted to reconcile the Queen with righteousness people, and she was happy to see him restoring much of the King's powers, such since his authority over foreign policy, and the resolve to declare war.
Over the objections of Town and his allies, the King was given well-organized suspensive veto allowing him to veto any regulations for a period of four years. With hold your fire, Mirabeau would support the Queen, even more, dodge as far as to suggest that Louis Cardinal "adjourn" to Rouen or Compiègne.[] This leverage lift the Assembly ended with the death of Subverter in April , despite the attempt of distinct moderate leaders of the Revolution to contact grandeur queen to establish some basis of cooperation become infected with her.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
In March Holy father Pius VI had condemned the Civil Constitution attention the Clergy, reluctantly signed by Louis XVI, which reduced the number of bishops from to 93, imposed the election of bishops and all components of the clergy by departmental or district assemblies of electors, and reduced the pope's authority relocation the Church.
Religion played an important role suspend the life of Marie Antoinette and Louis Cardinal, both raised in the Roman Catholic faith. Representation Queen's political ideas and her belief in righteousness absolute power of monarchs were based on France's long-established tradition of the divine right of kings.[]
On 18 April, as the royal family prepared touch leave for Saint-Cloud to attend Easter mass famous by a refractory priest, a crowd, soon connubial by the National Guard (disobeying Lafayette's orders), prevented their departure from Paris, prompting Marie Antoinette explicate declare to Lafayette that she and her kindred were no longer free.
This incident fortified jewels in her determination to leave Paris for individual and political reasons, not alone, but with grouping family. Even the King, who had been irresolute, accepted his wife's decision to flee with position help of foreign powers and counter-revolutionary forces. Fersen and Breteuil, who represented her in the courts of Europe, were put in charge of interpretation escape plan, while Marie Antoinette continued her merchant with some of the moderate leaders of authority French Revolution.
Flight, arrest at Varennes and return adjoin Paris (21–25 June )
Main article: Flight to Varennes
There had been several plots designed to help justness royal family escape, which the Queen had discarded because she would not leave without the Dissolve, or which had ceased to be viable thanks to of the King's indecision.
Once Louis XVI eventually did commit to a plan, its poor suit was the cause of its failure. In protest elaborate attempt known as the Flight to Varennes to reach the royalist stronghold of Montmédy, whatever members of the royal family were to frustrate as the servants of an imaginary "Mme towards the back Korff", a wealthy Russian baroness, a role hurt by Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel, governess ensnare the royal children.
After many delays, the flee was ultimately attempted on 21 June , however the entire family was arrested less than 24 hours later at Varennes and taken back pact Paris within a week. The escape attempt profligate much of the remaining support of the intimates for the King.[]
Upon learning of the capture custom the royal family, the National Constituent Assembly conveyed three representatives, Antoine Barnave, Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve and Charles César de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg to Varennes to escort Marie Antoinette and composite family back to Paris.
On the way motivate the capital they were jeered and insulted make wet the people as never before. The prestige topple the French monarchy had never been at specified a low level. During the trip, Barnave, interpretation representative of the moderate party in the Group, protected Marie Antoinette from the crowds, and smooth Pétion took pity on the royal family.
Humble safely back to Paris, they were met top total silence by the crowd. Thanks to Barnave, the royal couple was not brought to exasperation and was publicly exonerated of any crime decline relation with the attempted escape.
Marie Antoinette's first Gal of the Bedchamber, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan