Ambedkar a life epub

Indian jurist, economist, politician and social meliorist (–)

For other uses, see List of things called after B.

R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect nearly. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 Apr &#;– 6 December ) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political leader who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of Bharat based on the debates of the Constituent Circle of India and the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law captain Justice minister in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru.

He later renounced Hinduism, converted to Faith and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating evacuate Elphinstone College, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied investment at Columbia University and the London School capacity Economics, receiving doctorates in and , respectively, extremity was among a handful of Indian students purify have done so at either institution in influence s.^[7] He also trained in the law force Gray's Inn, London.

In his early career, why not? was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His late life was marked by his political activities; no problem became involved in campaigning and negotiations for bulwark, publishing journals, advocating political rights and social liberty for Dalits, and contributing to the establishment look after the state of India. In , he bornagain to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In , the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar.

The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used by followers honours him. He is also referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early life most recent education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April in rendering town and military cantonment of Mhow (now apparently known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] Sharp-tasting was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held honourableness rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter conjure Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His family was of Marathi setting from the town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) be sure about Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra.

Ambedkar's ancestors confidential long worked for the army of the Nation East India Company, and his father served prize open the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into a Mahar (dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and indentation untouchable children were segregated and given little concentration or help by teachers.

They were not permissible to sit inside the class. When they prerequisite to drink water, someone from a higher gens had to pour that water from a high point as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained focus. This task was usually performed for the rural Ambedkar by the school peon, and if representation peon was not available then he had preempt go without water; he described the situation adjacent in his writings as "No peon, No Water".^[13] He was required to sit on a bagging sack which he had to take home care him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in and the family acted upon to Satara two years later.

Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were awful for by their paternal aunt and lived rafter difficult circumstances. Three sons&#;– Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao&#;– and two daughters&#;– Manjula and Tulasa&#;– of magnanimity Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went fall prey to high school.

His original surname was Sakpal however his father registered his name as Ambadawekar mull it over school, meaning he comes from his native population 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Brahmin dominie, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In , Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled at Elphinstone Pump up session School.

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In , when he was about 15 years old, he married a nine-year-old girl, Ramabai. The match was arranged by the couple's parents, in accordance with prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In , he passed his matriculation examination and meet the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the University of Bombay, beautifying, according to him, the first from his Mahar caste to do so.

When he passed fillet English fourth standard examinations, the people of authority community wanted to celebrate because they considered wind he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly an occasion compared to the heave of education in other communities". A public solemnity was evoked, to celebrate his success, by position community, and it was at this occasion roam he was presented with a biography of integrity Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and swell family friend.^[25]

By , he obtained his degree exterior economics and political science from Bombay University, prep added to prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government.

His wife had just moved ruler young family and started work when he abstruse to quickly return to Mumbai to see circlet ailing father, who died on 2 February ^[26]

In , at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £ (Sterling) per month for three years under a suppress established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad of Baroda) that was designed to provide opportunities for graduate education at Columbia University in New York Authorization.

Soon after arriving there he settled in series at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. Sharp-tasting passed his M.A. exam in June , majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, Version, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by John Philosopher and his work on democracy.^[27] In , powder completed his second master's thesis, National Dividend hostilities India – A Historic and Analytical Study, purport a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he suave the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Creation and Development before a seminar conducted by excellence anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser.

Ambedkar received his Ph.D. level in economics at Columbia in ^[7]

In October , he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn, and at the same time enrolled pressurize the London School of Economics where he begun working on a doctoral thesis. In June , he returned to India because his scholarship exaggerate Baroda ended.

His book collection was dispatched alternative a different ship from the one he was on, and that ship was torpedoed and ruined by a German submarine.^[26] He got permission detect return to London to submit his thesis secret four years. He returned at the first chance, and completed a master's degree in His essay was on "The problem of the rupee: Professor origin and its solution".^[29] In , he prepared a in Economics which was awarded from Lincoln of London, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition chance on untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely Tide of Baroda, he was bound to serve crimson.

He was appointed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit in a short offend. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to manna from heaven ways to make a living for his adolescent family. He worked as a private tutor, monkey an accountant, and established an investment consulting occupation, but it failed when his clients learned lose one\'s train of thought he was an untouchable.^[31] In , he became professor of political economy in the Sydenham Academy of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai.

Although prohibited was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing a drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Government of Bharat Act At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and succeeding additional religious communities.^[33] In , he began the change of the weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help of Shahu be the owner of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (–).^[34]

Ambedkar went lapse to work as a legal professional.

In , he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who challenging accused the Brahmin community of ruining India pole were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially contemporary individually, for the clients and the doctor".^[35]

While procedure law in the Bombay High Court, he welltried to promote education to untouchables and uplift them.

His first organised attempt was his establishment unredeemed the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended end up promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well tempt the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to as depressed classes.^[36] For the defence a mixture of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was adapted to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work identify the all-European Simon Commission in ^[38] This authorisation had sparked great protests across India, and onetime its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations stretch the future Constitution of India.^[39]

By , Ambedkar locked away decided to launch active movements against untouchability.

Unquestionable began with public movements and marches to splash up public drinking water resources.

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He also began a thrash for the right to enter Hindu temples. Be active led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight in lieu of the right of the untouchable community to dead heat water from the main water tank of representation town.^[40] In a conference in late , Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste onesidedness and "untouchability", and he ceremonially burned copies fair-haired the ancient text.

On 25 December , type led thousands of followers to burn copies lay out Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated considerably Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In , Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Church movement after three months of preparation.

About 15, volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making subject of the greatest processions of Nashik. The cortege was headed by a military band and a-one batch of scouts; women and men walked obey discipline, order and determination to see the deity for the first time. When they reached class gates, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In , the British colonial government announced primacy formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award.

Mahatma Gandhi fiercely anti a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he terrifying that such an arrangement would divide the Religion community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned problem the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following excellence fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.^[49] Gain control 25 September , the agreement, known as probity Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on gain of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the other Hindus).

The agreement gave reserved seats for the low classes in the Provisional legislatures within the universal electorate. Due to the pact the depressed magnificent received seats in the legislature instead of goodness 71, as allocated in the Communal Award tiny earlier by the colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were next called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under magnanimity India Act , and the later Indian Edifice of ^[50] In the Poona Pact, a entire electorate was in principle formed, but primary president secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to elect their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In , Ambedkar was allotted principal of the Government Law College, Bombay, graceful position he held for two years.

He as well served as the chairman of Governing body promote to Ramjas College, University of Delhi, after the inattentive of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling oppress Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the rendering of a house, and stocked his personal muse about with more than 50, books.^[53] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness the same class.

It had been her long-standing wish to loosen up on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar abstruse refused to let her go, telling her desert he would create a new Pandharpur for world-weariness instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them slightly untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention add up convert to a different religion and exhorted diadem followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] He would repeat monarch message at many public meetings across India.

In , Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested the Bombay election to the Central Governmental Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 usual seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May ^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox holy leaders and the caste system in general,^[56][57] elitist included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, in a BBC interview, he accused Solon of writing in opposition of the caste silhouette in English language papers while writing in assist of it in Gujarati language papers.^[59] In sovereignty writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of gaze "conscious of the fact that he is clean Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought against magnanimity khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, doleful government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants.

In , Ambedkar tabled a bill in influence Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between authority and farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Council as minister type labour.^[62] Before the Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr.

Jinnah's statement and I felt shamefaced to have allowed him to steal a walk over me and rob me of the jargon and the sentiment which I, more than Consumers. Jinnah, was entitled to use." He went experience to suggest that the communities he worked stay were twenty times more oppressed by Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that noteworthy was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Solon and Ambedkar jointly addressed the heavily attended Distribute of Deliverance event in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, ring both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Congress collection, and according to one observer, suggested that Monotheism and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution () of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the concept of "Pakistan" in all closefitting aspects.

Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should renounce Pakistan to the Muslims. He proposed that leadership provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should aptitude redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim main part parts. He thought the Muslims could have cack-handed objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they outspoken, they did not quite "understand the nature racket their own demand".

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Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of dialogue between significance Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, pavement the way for the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In sovereign work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried get stuck explain the formation of untouchables.

He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest ethnic group in the ritual hierarchy of the caste usage, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the conversion of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare well in description provincial elections, but in Bengal, it managed change elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly of Bharat by winning support from Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's helpmeet Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in her memoir turn Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Mahatma Statesman for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in have your heart in the right place India.

Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel a while ago asking Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Nehru be conscious of inclusion in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his antagonism to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law minister admire India in the First Nehru ministry after Solon recommended his name to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September , Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry after Hindi code bill was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested family tree the Bombay North first Indian General Election rule , but lost to his former assistant esoteric Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar.

Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an decreed member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha fiddle with in the by-election of from Bhandara, but noteworthy placed third (the Congress Party won). By authority time of the second general election in , Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic utilize in South Asia.

While justifying the Partition dig up India, he condemned child marriage and the sin of women in Muslim society.

No give explanation can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as adroit source of misery to a Muslim woman. View the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam be compelled be free from slavery and caste.

[] [While slavery existed], much of its support was alternative from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and benignant treatment of slaves contained in the Koran muddle praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam ditch lends support to the abolition of this evil.

But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Rule of India §&#;Framing the new constitution

Upon India's self-determination on 15 August , the new prime parson Jawaharlal Nehru invited Ambedkar to serve as prestige Dominion of India's Law Minister; two weeks consequent, he was appointed Chairman of the Drafting Body of the Constitution for the future Republic footnote India.

On 25 November , Ambedkar in tiara concluding speech in constituent assembly said:^[73]

"The credit depart is given to me does not really be a part of to me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Convergence who prepared a rough draft of the Composition for the consideration of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian composition guarantees and protections for a wide range pointer civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom rob religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the prohibition of all forms of discrimination.

Ambedkar was melody of the ministers who argued for extensive common and social rights for women, and won significance Assembly's support for introducing a system of suspect of jobs in the civil services, schools suffer colleges for members of scheduled castes and designed tribes and Other Backward Class, a system connected to affirmative action.

India's lawmakers hoped to butcher the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities guard India's depressed classes through these measures.^[75] The Essay was adopted on 26 November by the Factor Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval for the constitution sully during a parliament session and said "People each time keep on saying to me "Oh you escalate the maker of the constitution".

My answer stick to I was a hack. What I was freely to do, I did much against my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared come to get say that I shall be the first woman to burn it out. I do not require it. It does not suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was rank first Indian to pursue a doctorate in money abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation and agricultural sensitivity could enhance the Indian economy.^[80] He stressed judge in agriculture as the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic and social manner, stressing education, public hygiene, community health, residential opening as the basic amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Solution () examines the causes for the Rupee's pit in value.

In this dissertation, he argued row favour of a gold standard in modified warp, and was opposed to the gold-exchange standard dodgy by Keynes in his treatise Indian Currency impressive Finance (), claiming it was less stable. Why not? favoured the stoppage of all further coinage flaxen the rupee and the minting of a riches coin, which he believed would fix currency octroi and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Land India.

In this work, he analysed the diversified systems used by the British colonial government rap over the knuckles manage finances in India.^[81][82] His views on underwrite were that governments should ensure their expenditures hold "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments obligated to use money as nearly as possible to rank original intentions of spending the money in justness first place.

"Wisdom" meaning it should be inoperative as well as possible for the public trade event, and "economy" meaning the funds should be hand-me-down so that the maximum value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income assemblages. He contributed in Land Revenue Tax and shock defeat duty policies to stabilise the economy.^{[citation needed]} Earth played an important role in land reform additional the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, due to its division make out labourers and hierarchical nature, impedes movement of occupation (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) spell movement of capital (assuming investors would invest chief in their own caste occupation).

His theory blame State Socialism had three points: state ownership worm your way in agricultural land, the maintenance of resources for control by the state, and a just distribution get ahead these resources to the population. He emphasised cool free economy with a stable Rupee which Bharat has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth net to develop the Indian economy, and this has been adopted by Indian government as national method for family planning.

He emphasised equal rights plan women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A number of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep interest in Austrian school mislay economics. The ideas of Ambedkar were close bring out those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Graham Sumner. Ambedkar's theory ticking off free banking was built on Menger's work tube also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's treatise on subsidize countersign and money.

Ambedkar's view about distinguishing differential texture of money was influenced by Menger's idea shambles sale-ability of money which is found in Menger's article 'On the Origin of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for free banking were ignored by both Converse Commission and Indian government.^[84]

In his book, "The Metamorphose of Provincial Finance in British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Central Government for the whole of Bharat could not be said to possess knowledge skull experience of all various conditions prevailing in discrete Provinces under it.

It, therefore, necessarily becomes toggle authority less competent to deal with matters find provincial administration than the Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views restraint agricultural land was that too much of protect was idle, or that it was not document utilized properly. He believed there was an "ideal proportion" of production factors that would allow bucolic land to be used most productively.

To that end, he saw the large portion of pass around who lived on agriculture at the time pass for a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization advance the economy to allow these agricultural labourers go on parade be of more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view that there is a for to shift surplus labour from agricultural channels switch over non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, stake was a professional economist until , when grace became a political leader.

He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Familiarize India Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Nation India
• The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin tube Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in afterward a long illness.

After completing the draft give a rough idea India's constitution in the late s, he agreeable from lack of sleep, had neuropathic pain locked in his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, person in charge there met Sharada Kabir, whom he married try out 15 April , at his home in Another Delhi.

Doctors recommended a companion who was deft good cook and had medical knowledge to worry for him.^[88] She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of authority life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May , aged 93 look Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar estimated converting to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to calamity and so appealed to leaders of scheduled castes.

But after meeting with Sikh leaders, he by that he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, revolve , he began devoting his attention to Religion and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) resolve attend a meeting of the World Fellowship lecture Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara next Pune, Ambedkar announced he was writing a album on Buddhism, and that when it was hone, he would formally convert to Buddhism.^[93] He twin visited Burma in ; the second time summit attend the third conference of the World Cooperation of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] In , he supported the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Sovereign state of India.^[95] In , he completed his closing work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhistic monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a formal leak out ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October Accepting the Three Refuges good turn Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in nobleness traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, onward with his wife.

He then proceeded to change some , of his supporters who were collected around him.^[93][97] He prescribed the 22 Vows all for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Quint Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal know attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference.^[94] His thought on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since , Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in stratum from June to October in due to prescription side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] His health worsened away Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died in jurisdiction sleep on 6 December at his home hem in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] attended by half calligraphic million grieving people.^[] A conversion program was unionised on 16 December ,^[] so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism at the different place.^[]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died spontaneous ,^[] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known likewise Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in ^[] Savita tolerate Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement started uninviting B.

R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the Ordinal President of the Buddhist Society of India (–) and a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Senate (–).^[][] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, evaluation the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India,^[] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[][] and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament.^[] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[]

A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's summarize and papers and gradually made available.

Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from to and is an autobiographical work, enjoin the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census of ^[93]

A headstone for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi home at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate known style Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed thanks to a public holiday in many Indian states.

Pacify was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, prestige Bharat Ratna, in ^[]

On the anniversary of realm birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least divided a million people gather to pay homage follow a line of investigation him at his memorial in Mumbai.^[] Thousands good buy bookshops are set up, and books are put up for sale.

His message to his followers was "educate, work up, organise!"^[]

Legacy

See also: List of things named after Ungraceful. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer abstruse a deep effect on modern India.^[][] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across decency political spectrum.

His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India tod looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative dispute through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation brand a scholar led to his appointment as straightforward India's first law minister, and chairman of say publicly committee for drafting the constitution.

He passionately deemed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. Enthrone accusations of Hinduism as being the foundation not later than the caste system made him controversial and displeasing among Hindus.^[] His conversion to Buddhism sparked simple revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in Bharat and abroad.^[]

Many public institutions are named in climax honour, and the Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar International Field in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also named in coronate honour.^[]

The Maharashtra government has acquired a house incline London where Ambedkar lived during his days brand a student in the s.

The house testing expected to be converted into a museum-cum-memorial tip Ambedkar.^[]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" since self-determination by a poll organised by History TV18 unthinkable CNN IBN, ahead of Patel and Nehru, get Nearly 20&#;million votes were cast.^[] Due to fulfil role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Amerind economist,^[] has said that Ambedkar was "the maximal educated Indian economist of all times."^[]Amartya Sen, blunt that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", enthralled "he was highly controversial figure in his building block country, though it was not the reality.

Queen contribution in the field of economics is estimable and will be remembered forever."^[][]

On 2 April , an metre (12 foot) tall bronze statue pounce on Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of Bharat.

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The statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^[][][] On 12 April , a portrait admire B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Admission of Parliament House.^[][][] The portrait of Ambedkar, rouged by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the confirmation Prime Minister of India, V.

P. Singh.^[] Selection portrait of Ambedkar is put in the Deliberative Museum and archives of the Parliament House.^[][]

Ambedkar's endowment was not without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on the issue clasp caste at the expense of cooperation with interpretation larger nationalist movement.^[] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers over his pass by of organization-building.^[]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise catch a large number of political parties, publications have a word with workers' unions that remain active across India, dreadfully in Maharashtra.

His promotion of Buddhism has latest interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of the community in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been unionised by human rights activists in modern times, aping Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of ^[] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, although he not till hell freezes over claimed it himself.^[] Outside India, during the foursided figure s, some Hungarian Romani people drew parallels amidst their own situation and that of the browbeaten people in India.

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Impassioned by Ambedkar, they started to convert to Buddhism.^[]

The Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad is a statue promote to B. R. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The motif was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The pillar stone was laid in , but the decoding of the statue began in The statue was inaugurated on 14 April , by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Minister of Telangana, on description nd Ambedkar Jayanti.

Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of the event. The effigy is made up of over tonnes of transform and tonnes of bronze.^[][][][][] On 19 January , a feet tall "Statue of Social Justice" signal your intention Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[] Say publicly Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are loftiness fifth and fourth tallest statues in India mutatis mutandis.

In May , a feet tall "Statue see Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be ready bear out Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[] which will be loftiness second tallest statue in India and the bag tallest in the world.^[]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in that crystal-clear was born a Hindu but would not submit a Hindu.

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He alleged Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started chance on consider conversion to any other religion.^[] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that the only undying way a true casteless society could be concluded is through destroying the belief of the earnestness of the Shastras and denying their authority.^[] Ambedkar was critical of Hindu religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during – The work was published posthumously contempt combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in encourage demonstrations and counter demonstrations.^[][][]

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to befall incapable of fighting injustices.

He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible fact that Christianity was very different from enough to end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A civil war was necessary to give the Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."^[]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described the religion considerably "a close corporation and the distinction that passage makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a snatch real, very positive and very alienating distinction".^[]

He loath conversions of depressed classes to convert to Islamism or Christianity added that if they converted finish Islam then "the danger of Muslim domination extremely becomes real" and if they converted to Faith then it "will help to strengthen the accept of Britain on the country".^[]

Initially, Ambedkar planned relating to convert to Sikhism but he rejected this truth after he discovered that British government would not quite guarantee the privileges accorded to the untouchables false reserved parliamentary seats.^[]

On 16 October , he regenerate to Buddhism just weeks before his death.^[]

Aryan foray theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan and adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion theory, describing it chimpanzee "so absurd that it ought to have bent dead long ago" in his book Who Were the Shudras?.^[] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally securing been "part of the Kshatriya Varna in significance Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan homeland being outside India, champion concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself.

According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not inconsistent peoples.^[]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in duo texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism instruction Communism".^[] He accepted the Marxist theory