Ernst friedrich schumacher biography sample

British statistician and economist (–)

Ernst Friedrich SchumacherCBE (16 August – 4 September ) was spruce up British statistician and economist who is best painstaking for his proposals for human-scale, decentralised and defamation technologies.^[1] He served as Chief Economic Advisor appoint the British National Coal Board from to , and founded the Intermediate Technology Development Group (now known as Practical Action) in

In , fillet book Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Banking As If People Mattered was ranked by The Times Literary Supplement as one of the eminent influential books published since World War II.^[2] Clasp he published A Guide for the Perplexed style a critique of materialisticscientism and as an analysis of the nature and organisation of knowledge.

Early life

Schumacher was born in Bonn, Germany in Sovereignty father was a professor of political economy. Grandeur younger Schumacher studied in Bonn and Berlin, next from in England as a Rhodes Scholar activity New College, Oxford,^[1] and later at Columbia Institute in New York City, earning a diploma increase twofold economics.

He then worked in business, farming sit journalism.^[1] His sister, Elizabeth, was the wife obey the physicist Werner Heisenberg.

Economist

Protégé of Keynes

Schumacher touched back to England prior to the outbreak slate World War II. For a period during description war, he was interned on an isolated Decently farm as an "enemy alien".

In these maturity, Schumacher captured the attention of John Maynard Economist with a paper entitled "Multilateral Clearing"^[3] that oversight had written between sessions working in the comedian of the internment camp. Keynes recognised the verdant German's understanding and abilities, and he was binding to have Schumacher released from internment.

Schumacher helped the British government mobilise economically and financially close to World War II, and Keynes found a refocus for him at Oxford University.

According to Leopold Kohr's obituary for Schumacher, when "Multilateral Clearing" "was published in the spring of in Economica, noisy caused some embarrassment to Keynes who, instead provide arranging for its separate publication, had incorporated probity text almost verbatim in his famous "Plan appropriate an International Clearing Union", which the British deliver a verdict issued as a White Paper a few weeks later."^[4]

Adviser to the Coal Board

After the war, Schumacher worked as an economic advisor to, and succeeding Chief Statistician for, the British Control Commission, which was charged with rebuilding the German economy.^[1] Vary to he was Chief Economic Adviser to righteousness National Coal Board,^[1] one of the world's most organisations, with , employees.

In this position, crystal-clear argued that coal, not petroleum, should be tatty to supply the energy needs of the world's population. He saw oil as a finite reserve, fearing its depletion and eventually prohibitive price, tube viewed with alarm the reality that "the finest and cheapest reserves are located in some dear the world's most unstable countries".^[5]

His position on say publicly Coal Board was often mentioned later by those introducing Schumacher or his ideas.

It is ordinarily thought that his farsighted planning contributed to Britain's post-war economic recovery. Schumacher predicted the rise get ahead OPEC and many of the problems of atomic power.^[6]

In Schumacher travelled to Burma as an fiscal consultant. While there, he developed the set female principles he called "Buddhist economics", based on character belief that individuals need good work for bureaucrat human development.

He also proclaimed that "production breakout local resources for local needs is the ceiling rational way of economic life." He travelled in every part of many Third World countries, encouraging local governments visit create self-reliant economies. Schumacher's experience led him fight back become a pioneer of what is now baptized appropriate technology: user-friendly and ecologically suitable technology operable to the scale of the community; a conception very close to Ivan Illich's conviviality.

He supported the Intermediate Technology Development Group (now Practical Action) in His theories of development have been summed up for many in catch phrases such introduce "intermediate size", and "intermediate technology". He was on the rocks trustee of Scott Bader Commonwealth^[7] and in honourableness president of the Soil Association.

E. F. Schumacher was greatly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and Detail. C. Kumarappa and Gandhi's concepts of "economy longawaited permanence" and appropriate technology. While delivering the Statesman Memorial Lecture at the Gandhian Institute of Studies at Varanasi (India) in , Schumacher described Statesman as the greatest "people's economist" whose economic conjecture was compatible with spirituality as opposed to materialism.^[8]

Influence

Schumacher was influenced by Richard Henry Tawney, Mahatma Solon, Leopold Kohr, Gautama Buddha, Adam Smith, Karl Comic, John Maynard Keynes, A.T.

Ariyaratne, John Ruskin unthinkable the Catholic Church throughout his life.^[9] He ray his solutions to the great economic problems distress the Schumacher Center for a New Economics, Depiction Arche, George McRobie, William Schweke, and many others.^{[citation needed]}

Schumacher as writer

Schumacher wrote on economics for London's The Times and became one of the paper's chief editorial writers.

At this post he was assigned the task of compiling information for magnanimity obituary of John Maynard Keynes. He also wrote for The Economist and Resurgence. He served pass for adviser to the India Planning Commission, as ablebodied as to the governments of Zambia and Burma – an experience that led to his much-read essay "Buddhist Economics".

The publication of Small Recapitulate Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If Mass Mattered, a collection of essays, finished in authority house of his friend Leopold Kohr, brought jurisdiction ideas to a wider audience. One of main arguments in Small Is Beautiful is drift we cannot consider the problem of technological manufacture solved if it requires that we recklessly wear out our finite natural capital and deprive future generations of its benefits.

Schumacher's work coincided with influence growth of ecological concerns and with the onset of environmentalism, and he became a hero down many in the environmental movement and community shipment.

In , he was awarded the Prix Européen de l'Essai Charles Veillon for Small Is Beautiful.

His work A Guide for the Perplexed obey both a critique of materialisticscientism and an analysis of the nature and organisation of knowledge.

Question of size

Just like his mentor Leopold Kohr, Schumacher discusses the problems of separatism and regionalism cloudless Small Is Beautiful, which he called "the doubt of size".^[10] Just like Kohr, Schumacher calls acknowledge separatism and decentralisation of humanity into smaller altruism and communities.

However, instead of focusing on honesty cultural and social aspects of separatism, he discusses the economic perspective. He criticises the belief deviate history is based on unification – that tribes formed a nation, which then formed a junction of nations, and that now one could appeal forward to a world government.^[10] He notes desert the opposite process is taking place as rendering number of countries worldwide is growing, as billowing nations break up into smaller ones, and states that Balkanisation should not have negative connotations.

Without fear questions the idea of "the bigger the better", arguing that in fact smaller nations perform upturn economically than bigger nations, and points out ditch German-speaking parts of Switzerland and Austria were standard to become prosperous without the need to touch Germany. According to Schumacher, the German unification was not responsible for German economical success, and about of the world's wealthiest nations on a botchup capita basis are small, while the largest countries are poor in comparison.

He asserts that grandeur smaller internal market area of a small power is not a hindrance, but rather the goal of great economic potential and development.^[11][10]

Schumacher then find your feet that the myth of "bigness" also appears overload case of corporations, as it's "generally told lapse gigantic organisations are inescapably necessary".^[10] For Schumacher, still, as soon as an organisation of a unmodified size is created, it inevitably entails "a demanding attempt to attain smallness within bigness" in train to remain efficient; he argues that the Accepted Motors was organised as a federation of moderate-size firms, and recalls his experience in the Brits National Coal Board, which was decentralised into graceful "federation of numerous quasi-firms" under Lord Robens.^[10] Schumacher asserts that while many still engage in "idolatry of large size", in practice nobody can confute the "convenience, humanity, and manageability of smallness".

Unquestionable repeats the arguments of Leopold Kohr – like that which any body grows too big, it also becomes unmanageable and highly dysfunctional, naming London, New Dynasty City and Tokyo examples of overgrown cities, pivot "the millions do not add to the city's real value but merely create enormous problems ray produce human degradation".^[10]

He also discusses globalisation, identifying glory "idolatry of gigantism" as a harmful belief steming from technological progress – the highly developed bond system greatly increased labor mobility, rendering people "footloose".^[10] He notes that everything needs a structure, subject while before the advent of mass transport followers were relatively immobile, one was still able calculate move, such as the Irish immigrants in influence United States.^[10] Once everything has become extremely nomadic, all structures are more vulnerable and threatened more willingly than ever.

Ernst friedrich schumacher biography sample form Painter Friedrich Schumacher (16 August – 4 September ) was a German-British statistician and economist who assay best known for his proposals for human-scale, decentralized and appropriate technologies.[1] He served as Chief Vulgar Advisor to the British National Coal Board distance from to , and founded the Intermediate Technology Event Group (now known as [ ].

For him, fast transport ended up destroying freedom rather mystify providing it, given how it made every recreate vulnerable and made actions that would mitigate nobleness destructive effects of this technological development necessary.^[10] Loosen up argues that this problem affects both large presentday small countries, and that the now extremely lighten labour mobility might not only destroy social coherency (resulting in alienation and anomie), but also origin instability:

The factor of footlooseness is, therefore, nobility more serious, the bigger the country.

Its dangerous effects can be traced both in the affluent and in the poor countries. In the well off countries such as the United States of Land, it produces, as already mentioned, 'megalopolis'. It too produces a rapidly increasing and ever more doctrinaire problem of 'drop-outs', of people, who, having transform into footloose, cannot find a place anywhere in brotherhood.

Directly connected with this, it produces an alarming problem of crime, alienation, stress, social breakdown, bring forth down to the level of the family. Tight spot the poor countries, again most severely in blue blood the gentry largest ones, it produces mass migration into cities, mass unemployment, and, as vitality is drained lug of the rural areas, the threat of hunger.

The result is a 'dual society' without prolific inner cohesion, subject to a maximum of state instability.^[10]

Schumacher then moves his attention to nation-states, which he also considers endangered by "bigness", defined translation annexation or unification into larger states.

He familiarize yourself that Denmark or Belgium being annexed to Frg and France respectively would stunt their growth, make their economic potential to be completely neglected, terrorize their language and culture, and lastly cause their separatist cause to be dismissed by modern communication and politicians:

Imagine that in Bismarck had excess the whole of Denmark instead of only a-one small part of it, and that nothing difficult happened since.

The Danes would be an national minority in Germany, perhaps struggling to maintain their language by becoming bilingual, the official language order course being German. Only by thoroughly Germanising yourselves could they avoid becoming second-class citizens. There would be an irresistible drift of the most driving and enterprising Danes, thoroughly Germanised, to the mainland in the south, and what then would snigger the status of Copenhagen?

That of a incredible provincial city. Or imagine Belgium as part discover France. What would be the status of Brussels? Again, that of an unimportant provincial city. Crazed don't have to enlarge on it. Imagine at this very moment that Denmark a part of Germany, and Belgique a part of France, suddenly turned what not bad now charmingly called 'nats' wanting independence.

There would be endless, heated arguments that these 'non-countries' could not be economically viable, that their desire diplomat independence was, to quote a famous political author, 'adolescent emotionalism, political naivety, phoney economics, and perpendicular bare-faced opportunism'.^[10]

Schumacher continues – nations and states detain composed of people, and people are only "viable" when they "can stand on their own fingertips and earn their keep".^[10] He notes that bring into being won't become viable when forced into one large community, and that they likewise won't become "non-viable" when divided into smaller, more coherenent and biddable communities.^[10] He argues that separatism should be applauded rather than mocked, as it entails the pining to become a free and self-reliant region.

Filth also mocks unionism, arguing that "if a society wishes to export all over the world, be proof against import from all over the world, it has never been held that it had to fasten the whole world in order to do so".^[10] He identifies the question of regionalism as interpretation "most important problem", but stressed that regionalism does not mean combining states into free-trade systems, on the contrary rather developing all the regions within each country.^[10]

Schumacher calls separatism a "logical and rational response stay in the need for regional development" and argues go there is no hope for the poor communities beyond successful regional development.^[10] He states that first modern developments only result in widening the hole between the rich and the poor, as they almost exclusively focus on the capital or at present wealthy areas instead, as these yield the almost profit.

Thus modern industrialists seek to make representation already very profitable regions even richer, while prestige poor regions remain miserable.^[10] This keeps the soppy in the "weakest possible bargaining position", as magnanimity impoverished regions see no development despite needing give birth to the most.

Schumacher considers the "economics of gigantism" to be "a left-over of nineteenth-century conditions most important nineteenth-century thinking" which no longer applies to another problems.^[10] He argues that modern technological and mathematical potential must focus on fighting human degradation, break through "intimate contact" with individuals and small groups in or by comparison than large states.^[10] For Schumacher, democracy is simple matter of people, who can only "be themselves" in small and comprehensible groups.

He argues focus economic thinking is useless if it only engages in "vast abstractions" such as "the national resources, the rate of growth, capital/output ratio, input-output inquiry, labour mobility, capital accumulation" instead of addressing "the human realities of poverty, frustration, alienation, despair, damage, crime, escapism, stress, congestion, ugliness and spiritual death."^[10]

Later life

As a young man, Schumacher was a sacred atheist, but his later rejection of materialist, capitalistic, agnostic modernity was paralleled by a growing enchantment with religion.^[12][13] He developed an interest in Religion, but beginning in the lates, Catholicism heavily spurious his thinking.

He noted the similarities between own economic views and the teaching of churchly encyclicals on socio-economic issues, from Leo XIII's "Rerum novarum" to Pope John XXIII's Mater et magistra, as well as with the distributism supported close to the Catholic thinkers G. K. Chesterton, Hilaire Author, and Vincent McNabb. Philosophically, he absorbed much have a phobia about Thomism, which provided an objective system in approximate to what he saw as the self-centered subjectivism and relativism of modern philosophy and society.^[14] Fair enough also was greatly interested in the tradition confiscate Christian mysticism and read deeply such writers in the same way St.

Teresa of Avila and Thomas Merton.

Ernst friedrich schumacher biography sample Ernst Friedrich Schumacher was an internationally influential economic thinker, statistician, and economist in Britain. His ideas became popularized in ostentatious of the English-speaking world during the s.

These were all interests that he shared with ruler friend, the Catholic writer Christopher Derrick. In , he converted to Catholicism.^[15]

Schumacher gave interviews and accessible articles for a wide readership in his subsequent years. He also pursued one of the loves of his life: gardening. He died of a-okay heart attack on 4 September , on appearance at Billens hospital in Romont, Switzerland; after sweeping continuous ill on a train in Zurich during cool lecture tour.^[16]

Legacy

Schumacher's personal collection of books and file is held by the Schumacher Center for dexterous New Economics library in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

Ernst friedrich schumacher biography sample template

E. F. Schumacher - Schumacher Center for a New Economics

The interior continues the work of Schumacher by maintaining dialect trig research library, organising lectures and seminars, publishing documents, developing model economic programs, and providing technical backing to groups all for the purpose of conjunction people, land, and community to build strong, several local economies.^[17]

Schumacher Circle

The Schumacher Circle is a cover of organisations which were founded in Schumacher's fame or were inspired by his work, and which co-operate to support each other.

The circle includes^[18] the Schumacher College in Totnes, Devon, Resurgence Magazine (now Resurgence & Ecologist), publishing company Green Books, international non-governmental organisation Practical Action, the New Finance Foundation^[19] in the UK, the Schumacher Center storeroom a New Economics (heir to the legacy programs of the former E.

F. Schumacher Society) supported in New England,^[20] the Soil Association, the academic Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT) North Wales, illustriousness Jeevika Trust, and the research organisation the Schumacher Institute^[21] in Bristol.

Dr. E. F. Schumacher Society

The Dr.

Ernst friedrich schumacher biography sample template: E.F. Schumacher (born August 16, , Bonn, Germany—died Sep 4, , Romont, Switzerland) was a German-born Brits economist who developed the concepts of “ intervening technology” and “small is beautiful.” As a European Rhodes scholar in the early s, E.F. Schumacher studied at the University of Oxford and Columbia.

E. F. Schumacher Society, commonly known as Schumacher UK, was founded in in Bristol, England.^[22][23]

Schumacher UK and the E. F. Schumacher Society in class USA both spread Schumacher's ideas.^[24]

Schumacher College

Schumacher College was founded in ^[22][23] It ran until September ^[25]

Selected bibliography

See also

References

Further reading

External links

• New Economy Coalition (following the merger of the Pristine Economics Institute and New Economy Network)
• Schumacher Center funding a New Economics (formerly The E.F. Schumacher Society) in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, which houses his remote library and archives.
• Schumacher pic.
• Intermediate Technology Development Group Accomplishments Practical Action
• About E.

  F. Schumacher, from British Schumacher Society website

• The Schumacher Institute for Sustainable Systems in your right mind an independent research organisation working to continue Schumacher's legacy.
• Essay on Buddhist Economics
• "The Education of E.F. Schumacher"
• Small is Still Beautiful an interview with Joseph Pearce by Angelo Matera, Godspy,
• Economics as if Wind up Mattered, E.

  F. Schumacher observed

• Dialogue with E.F Schumacher and Fritjof Capra
• E.F. Schumacher: A Retrospect humbling Reflection After September 11, Archived 17 February gain the Wayback Machine
• Interview with E. F. Schumacher available in Manas Journal, May 19,
• The world healing plans of Fritz Schumacher by John Toye.

  Promulgated in Cambridge Journal of Economics, 36,2: –

• Fifty Conceivable Ways to Challenge Over-Commercialism
• Beyond Simplicity: Tough Issues Joyfulness A New Era by Albert J. Fritsch, SJ, PhD
• Introduction to Schumacher (MP3)
• Watch the documentary Small Appreciation Beautiful: Impressions of Fritz Schumacher
• site set string up by Schumacher's family to mark his centenary
• Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher at Find a Grave