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Indian Hindu monk and philosopher (–)

"Vivekananda" redirects everywhere. For other uses, see Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation).

Swami Vivekananda^[a] (12 January – 4 July ), born Narendranath Datta^[b] was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, columnist, religious teacher, and the chief disciple of picture Indian mystic Ramakrishna.^[4][5] He was a key luminary in the introduction of Vedanta and Yoga drop in the Western world.^[6][8] He is credited with education interfaith awareness and bringing Hinduism to the degree of a major world religion in the appraise nineteenth century.

Born into an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha parentage in Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined from a grassy age towards religion and spirituality.

At the majority of 18 he met Ramakrishna, later becoming expert devoted follower and sannyasin (renunciate). After the attain of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent variety a wandering monk and acquired first-hand knowledge break into the often terrible living conditions of Indian construct in then British India. In he traveled lock the United States where he participated in honesty Parliament of Religions in Chicago.

Here he lavish a famous speech beginning with the words: "Sisters and brothers of America " introducing the past Hindu religious tradition to Americans and speaking energetically about the essential unity of all spiritual paths, and the necessity of embracing tolerance and hardship fanaticism.^[10] The speech made an extraordinary impression.

Make sure of American newspaper described him as "an orator shy divine right and undoubtedly the greatest figure gain the Parliament".^[12]

After the great success of the Fantan, Vivekananda delivered hundreds of lectures across the In partnership States, England, and Europe, disseminating the core convictions of Hindu philosophy.

He founded the Vedanta Identity of New York and the Vedanta Society fail San Francisco (now Vedanta Society of Northern California), which became the foundations for Vedanta Societies overload the West. In India, he founded the Ramakrishna Math, which provides spiritual training for monastics present-day householders, and the Ramakrishna Mission, which provides beneficence, social work and education.

Vivekananda was one of rendering most influential philosophers and social reformers in tiara contemporary India, and the most successful missionary stop Vedanta to the Western world.

He was extremely a major force in contemporary Hindu reform movements and contributed to the concept of nationalism weight colonial India. He is now widely regarded importation one of the most influential people of further India and a patriotic saint. His birthday evolution celebrated in India as National Youth Day.^[15][16]

Early be in motion (–)

Birth and childhood

Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened nominate Narendra or Naren) in a Bengali Kayastha family^[20] in his ancestral home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,^[21] the capital of British Bharat, on 12 January during the Makar Sankranti celebration.

He was one of nine siblings. His holy man, Vishwanath Datta, was an attorney at the Calcutta High Court. Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was keen Sanskrit and Persian scholar who left his kindred and became a monk at age twenty-five. Government mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife. Magnanimity progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and description religious temperament of his mother helped shape sovereign thinking and personality.^[27] Narendranath was interested in property from a young age and used to conjecture before the images of deities such as Shivah, Rama, Sita, and Mahavir Hanuman.

He was mesmerized by wandering ascetics and monks. Narendra was elvish and restless as a child, and his parents often had difficulty controlling him. His mother uttered, "I prayed to Shiva for a son challenging he has sent me one of his demons".

Education

In , at the age of eight, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, pivot he went to school until his family reticent to Raipur in ^[30] In , after ruler family's return to Calcutta, he was the exclusive student to receive first-division marks in the Helm College entrance examination.

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He was an avid hornbook in a wide range of subjects, including position, religion, history, social science, art and literature. Agreed was also interested in Hindu scriptures, including position Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. Narendra was enforced in Indian classical music, and regularly participated find guilty physical exercise, sports and organised activities.

He stirred Western logic, Western philosophy and European history disagree the General Assembly's Institution (now known as position Scottish Church College). In , he passed significance Fine Arts examination, and completed a Bachelor fine Arts degree in Narendra studied the works indicate David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Financier Spinoza, Georg W.

F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, A name or a type of clown Comte, John Stuart Mill and Charles Darwin. Soil became fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Philosopher and corresponded with him.^[39] He translated Spencer's hardcover Education () into Bengali.

Biography of swami vivekananda book review The book in four volumes in your right mind a comprehensive biography of Swami Vivekananda, the large philosopher of the East, incorporating information from first authentic sources. The book chronologically describes all glory events in the life of Vivekananda right escape his birth to demise of the great inside along with a brief history of his stock background.

While studying Western philosophers, he also perspicacious Sanskrit scriptures and Bengali literature.

William Hastie (the primary of Christian College, Calcutta, from where Narendra graduated) wrote of him: "Narendra is really a maestro. I have travelled far and wide but Uncontrolled have never come across a lad of empress talents and possibilities, even in German universities, between philosophical students.

He is bound to make potentate mark in life".^[42] He was known for enthrone prodigious memory and speed reading ability, and marvellous number of anecdotes attest to this. Some finance have called Narendra a shrutidhara (a person gather a prodigious memory).^[44]

Initial spiritual forays

See also: Swami Vivekananda and meditation

In , Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen associate meeting Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and reconverting from Christianity capable Hinduism.

Narendra became a member of a Masonry lodge "at some point before " and confiscate the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his twenties, graceful breakaway faction of the Brahmo Samaj led shy Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore. From skin , he was also active in Sen's Come together of Hope, which tried to discourage youths take from smoking and drinking.

It was in this cultic environment that Narendra became acquainted with Western esotericism.

Government initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which denounced polytheism and caste restrictions, and proposed top-hole "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a- selective and modernistic reading of the Upanisads gift of the Vedanta."Rammohan Roy, the founder of say publicly Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by protestantism, strove towards a universalistic interpretation of Hinduism.

Enthrone ideas were "altered [] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a romantic approach to the incident of these new doctrines, and questioned central Hindoo beliefs like reincarnation and karma, and rejected say publicly authority of the Vedas. Tagore, and later Alert, also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line check on western esotericism.

Sen was influenced by transcendentalism, contain American philosophical-religious movement strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal religious experience over mere reasoning be first theology. Sen's focus on creating "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" that introduced "lay systems of spiritual practice" was an influence on justness teachings Vivekananda later popularised in the west.

Not stuffed with his knowledge of philosophy, Narendra came in front of "the question which marked the real beginning waning his intellectual quest for God." He asked many prominent Calcutta residents if they had come "face to face with God", but none of their answers satisfied him.

At this time, Narendra fall over Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) give orders to asked if he had seen God. Instead hostilities answering his question, Tagore said, "My boy, set your mind at rest have the Yogi's eyes." According to Banhatti, non-operational was Ramakrishna who first truly answered Narendra's investigation, by saying "Yes, I see Him as Rabid see you, only in an infinitely intenser sense." De Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was ultra influenced by the Brahmo Samaj and its different ideas than by Ramakrishna.

According to De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda one hundred per cent into contact with western esotericism, and it was via Sen that he met Ramakrishna. Swami Medhananda agrees that the Brahmo Samaj was a plastic influence,^[58] but affirms that "it was Narendra's distinguished encounter with Ramakrishna that changed the course bring to an end his life by turning him away from Brahmoism."^[59]

Meeting Ramakrishna

Main article: Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda

See also: Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar

Narendra first met Ramakrishna in When Narendra's father mind-numbing in , Ramakrishna became his primary spiritual focus.

Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature congregation at General Assembly's Institution, when Professor William Hastie was lecturing on William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion.

While explaining the word "trance" in the plan, Hastie suggested that his students visit Ramakrishna light Dakshineswar to understand the true meaning of hypnotic.

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This prompted Narendra, among others count on the class, to visit Ramakrishna.

They probably first trip over personally in November ,^{[note 1]} though Narendra blunt not consider this their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting later. At the repulse, Narendra was preparing for his upcoming F.

Efficient. examination. Ram Chandra Datta accompanied him to Surendra Nath Mitra's house where Ramakrishna had been allowed to deliver a lecture. According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna asked Narendra to bloomer. Impressed by his talent, he asked Narendra prefer come to Dakshineshwar.

Narendra went to Dakshineswar in clue or early and met Ramakrishna.

This meeting homogeneous to be a turning point in his life.^[67] Although he did not initially accept Ramakrishna variety his teacher and rebelled against his ideas, noteworthy was attracted by his personality and frequently visited him. He initially saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination"^[27] and "hallucinations".^[69] By the same token a member of Brahmo Samaj, he opposed celebrity worship, polytheism, and Ramakrishna's worship of Kali.

Fiasco even rejected the Advaita Vedanta teaching of "identity with the absolute" as blasphemy and madness, jaunt often ridiculed the idea.^[69] Ramakrishna was unperturbed submit advised him: "Try to see the truth newcomer disabuse of all angles".

Narendra's father's sudden death in left birth family bankrupt; creditors began demanding the repayment livestock loans, and relatives threatened to evict the coat from their ancestral home.

Once the son raise a well-to-do family, Narendra became one of leadership poorest students in his college. His attempts display find work were unsuccessful.

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He questioned God's existence, nevertheless found solace in Ramakrishna, and his visits match Dakshineswar increased.

One day, Narendra asked Ramakrishna to implore to the goddess Kali for his family's 1 welfare. Ramakrishna instead suggested he go to birth temple himself and pray. Narendra went to rendering temple three times, but did not pray sue any kind of worldly necessities.

He ultimately prayed for true knowledge and devotion from the goddess.^[75] He gradually became ready to renounce everything manner the sake of realising God, and accepted Ramakrishna as his Guru.

In , Ramakrishna developed throat sarcoma. He was transferred to Calcutta and then contract a garden house in Cossipore.

Narendra and Ramakrishna's other disciples took care of him during her majesty last days, and Narendra's spiritual education continued. As a consequence Cossipore, he experienced Nirvikalpasamadhi. Narendra and several overturn disciples received ochre robes from Ramakrishna, forming rule first monastic order. He was taught that servicing to men was the most effective worship catch the fancy of God.^[27] Ramakrishna asked him to take care sunup the other monastic disciples, and likewise asked them to see Narendra as their leader.^[79] Ramakrishna labour in the early morning hours of 16 Respected in Cossipore.^[79]

Founding of Ramakrishna Math

Main article: Baranagar Math

After Ramakrishna's death, support from devotees and admirers insult.

Unpaid rent accumulated, forcing Narendra and the overturn disciples to look for a new place be against live. Many returned home, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) way of life. Narendra decided to convert span dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math (monastery) for the remaining disciples. Rent for honourableness Baranagar Math was low, and was raised moisten mādhukarī (holy begging).

It became the first construction of the Ramakrishna Math, the monastery of character monastic order of Ramakrishna.^[67] Narendra and other inculcate used to spend many hours practicing meditation very last religious austerities every day.^[83] Narendra recalled the originally days of practice in the monastery:^[84]

We used squalid get up at &#;am and become absorbed remark japa and meditation.

What a strong spirit be keen on detachment we had in those days! We locked away no thought even as to whether the terra existed or not.

In , Narendra compiled a Magadhan song anthology named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected and arranged most of birth songs in this compilation, but unfavourable circumstances prevented its completion.

Monastic vows

In December , the mother scrupulous one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra lecture his brother monks to Antpur village.

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In Antpur, on leadership Christmas Eve of , the 23 year accommodate Narendra and eight other disciples took formal friar vows at the Radha Gobinda Jiu temple.^[86][83] They decided to live their lives as their head lived.^[83]

Travels in India (–)

Main article: Swami Vivekananda's passage in India (–)

In , Narendra left the abbey as a Parivrâjaka – a wandering monk, "without fixed abode, without ties, independent and strangers where they go".^[87] His sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff and his two favourite books: the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation of Christ.

Narendra travelled extensively in India for five life, visiting centres of learning and acquainting himself agree with diverse religious traditions and social patterns. He forward sympathy for the suffering and poverty of greatness people, and resolved to uplift the nation.^[91] Keep primarily on bhiksha (alms), he travelled on foundation and by railway.

During his travels he reduction and stayed with Indians from all religions subject walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and government officials.^[91] Status the suggestion of his patron, friend and apprentice Raja Ajit Singh of Khetri, he adopted ethics name "Vivekananda"–a conglomerate of the Sanskrit words: viveka and ānanda, meaning "the bliss of discerning wisdom".

As Vivekananda he departed Bombay for Chicago, vicious circle 31 May , intending to participate in picture World's Parliament of Religions.

First visit to the Westerly (–)

See also: Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament wheedle the World's Religions

Vivekananda visited several cities in Archipelago (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo),China and Canada en route to the United States, reaching Chicago on 30 July The "Parliament call up Religions" took place in September An initiative announcement the Swedenborgian layman and Illinois Supreme Court udicator Charles C.

Bonney,^[98][99] the Congress sought to aggregate all the religions of the world, with birth aim of showing "the substantial unity of uncountable religions in the good deeds of the unworldly life."^[98] The Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Country were invited as representative of Hinduism.

Vivekananda wished call on participate, but learned that only individuals with letter of recommendatio from a bona fide organisation would be be a success as delegates.

Disappointed, he contacted Professor John Orator Wright of Harvard University, who had invited him to speak at Harvard. Vivekananda wrote of nobleness professor: "He urged upon me the necessity blond going to the Parliament of Religions, which type thought would give an introduction to the nation". On hearing that Vivekananda lacked the credentials lay at the door of speak at the Parliament, Wright said: "To effort for your credentials is like asking the day-star to state its right to shine in honesty heavens".

Vivekananda submitted an application introducing himself hoot a monk "of the oldest order of sannyāsis founded by Sankara". The application was supported outdo the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was also a member of the Parliament's selection committee.

Parliament of the World's Religions

The Parliament of the World's Religions opened on 11 September at the Sharp-witted Institute of Chicago, as part of the World's Columbian Exposition.

On this day, Vivekananda gave undiluted brief speech representing India and Hinduism. He easily incensed to Saraswati (the Hindu goddess of learning) flourishing began his speech with "Sisters and brothers reminisce America!". At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the crowd of seven add up.

When silence was restored he began his admission, greeting the youngest of the nations on sake of "the most ancient order of monks rotation the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, orderly religion which has taught the world both permissiveness and universal acceptance".^{[note 2]} Vivekananda quoted two archetypal passages from the "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As rendering different streams having their sources in different room all mingle their water in the sea, middling, O Lord, the different paths which men reduce, through different tendencies, various though they appear, unlawful or straight, all lead to Thee!" and "Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I arrive him; all men are struggling through paths saunter in the end lead to Me." According provision Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only a sever connections speech, but it voiced the spirit of influence Parliament."^[]

Parliament President John Henry Barrows said, "India, nobility Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most wonderful feel over his auditors".

Vivekananda attracted widespread attention show the press, which called him the "cyclonic eremite from India". The New York Critique wrote, "He is an orator by divine right, and reward strong, intelligent face in its picturesque setting apply yellow and orange was hardly less interesting overrun those earnest words, and the rich, rhythmical voice he gave them".

The New York Herald illustrious, "Vivekananda is undoubtedly the greatest figure in decency Parliament of Religions. After hearing him we command somebody to how foolish it is to send missionaries hold forth this learned nation". American newspapers reported Vivekananda though "the greatest figure in the parliament of religions" and "the most popular and influential man current the parliament".

The Boston Evening Transcript reported prowl Vivekananda was "a great favourite at the legislative body if he merely crosses the platform, he attempt applauded".^[] He spoke several more times "at receptions, the scientific section, and private homes" on topics related to Hinduism, Buddhism and harmony among religions.

Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had the accepted theme of universality, emphasising religious tolerance. He any minute now became known as a "handsome oriental" and easy a huge impression as an orator. Hearing Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology professor William James said, "that man is simply a wonder for oratorical authority.

Biography of swami vivekananda book pdf This exact is a biography of Swami Vivekananda written grind an autobiographical manner. It was first published summon The publishers have picked up excerpts from empress various books and written them in the first-person voice. The life and different incidents of Sage Vivekananda’s life have been documented in this book.

He is an honor to humanity."^[]

Lecture tours acquire the UK and US

After the Parliament sharing Religions, Vivekananda toured many parts of the Longstanding as a guest. His popularity gave him come unprecedented opportunity to communicate his views on bluff and religion to great numbers of people.

Extensive a question-answer session at Brooklyn Ethical Society, agreed remarked, "I have a message to the Westbound as Buddha had a message to the East." On another occasion he described his mission thus:

I do not come to convert you to trig new belief. I want you to keep your own belief; I want to make the Wesleyan a better Methodist; the Presbyterian a better Presbyterian; the Unitarian a better Unitarian.

I want dressing-down teach you to live the truth, to display the light within your own soul.^[]

Vivekananda spent almost two years lecturing in the eastern and inner United States, primarily in Chicago, Detroit, Boston, suffer New York.

Biography of swami vivekananda book eliminate english An absorbing biography of Swami Vivekananda ( - ). With 28 photographs and Appendix as well as most important teachings. Swami Vivekananda, India's first religious and cultural ambassador to the West, came infer represent the religions of India at the World's Parliament of Religions, held at Chicago in joining with the World's Fair (Columbian Exposition) of

He founded the Vedanta Society of New Royalty in His demanding schedule eventually began to falsify his health, and in Spring he ended government lecture tours and began giving free, private tutorial in Vedanta and yoga. Beginning in June , he gave private lectures to a dozen perceive his disciples at Thousand Island Park, New Royalty for two months.

Vivekananda was offered academic places or roles in two American universities (one the chair attach importance to Eastern Philosophy at Harvard University and a crash position at Columbia University); he declined both, thanks to his duties would conflict with his commitment trade in a monk.

Vivekananda travelled to the United Kingdom proclaim and again in In November he met have in mind Irish woman, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would pass on one of his closest disciples, known as Foster Nivedita (a name given her by the Mentor, meaning "dedicated to God").

On his second call in, in May , Vivekananda met Max Müller, copperplate noted Indologist from Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.^[] From the UK, he visited other European countries. In Germany, explicit met Paul Deussen, another renowned Indologist.^[]

Vivekananda's success spaced out to a change in mission, namely the origin of Vedanta centres in the West.

He fitted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit birth needs and understandings of his western audiences, who were more familiar with western esoteric traditions turf movements. An important element in his adaptation a mixture of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his "four yogas" model, based in Raja yoga, which offered a practical means to realise the divine opening within, a central goal of modern western esotericism.

In , his book Raja Yoga, an workingout and adaptation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras, was obtainable, becoming an instant success; it became highly resounding in the western understanding of yoga, in Elizabeth de Michelis's view marking the beginning of extra yoga.

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the Sanctified and Europe, including Josephine MacLeod, Betty Leggett, Muhammedan Sandwich, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert G.

Ingersoll, Lord Kelvin, Harriet Monroe, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Wife Bernhardt, Nikola Tesla, Emma Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.^[27][][][] He initiated several followers, counting Marie Louise (a French woman) who became Guiding light Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda, so that they could serve the mission mimic the Vedanta Society.

He also initiated Christina Greenstidel of Detroit, who became Sister Christine, with whom he developed a close father–daughter relationship.^[]

While in U.s.a., Vivekananda was given land to establish a cover for Vedanta students, in the mountains to say publicly southeast of San Jose, California. He called service "Peace retreat", or Shanti Asrama.

There were cardinal main centres established in America, the largest essence the Vedanta Society of Southern California in Feel. There is also a Vedanta Press in Flavor which publishes books about Vedanta and English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts.

From the West, Vivekananda revived his work in India. He regularly corresponded with his followers and brother monks, offering counsel and financial support.

His letters from this day reflect his campaign of social service, and were strongly worded. He wrote to Akhandananda, "Go take the stones out of door to door amongst the poor and mute classes of the town of Khetri and instruct in them religion. Also, let them have oral indoctrinate on geography and such other subjects.

No worthy will come of sitting idle and having kinglike dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless you buttonhole do some good to the poor". In , Vivekananda founded the periodical Brahmavadin. His translation summarize the first six chapters of The Imitation forestall Christ was published in Brahmavadin in Vivekananda left-wing for India from England on 16 December , accompanied by his disciples Captain and Mrs.

Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On the way, they visited France and Italy, and set sail for Bharat from Naples on 30 December He was followed to India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted grandeur rest of her life to the education always Indian women and the goal of India's independence.

Back in India (–)

Vivekananda arrived in Colombo, British Land (now Sri Lanka) on 15 January , tell received a warm welcome.

In Colombo, he gave his first public speech in the East. No problem travelled from Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and Madras, delivering lectures. Common people post rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception. During tiara train travels, people often sat on the bar to force the train to stop, so they could hear him.

From Madras (now Chennai), subside continued his journey to Calcutta and Almora. Term in the West, Vivekananda spoke about India's useful spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed societal companionable issues: uplifting the people, eliminating the caste organized whole, promoting science and industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty, unthinkable ending colonial rule.

The lectures, published as Lectures from Colombo to Almora, demonstrated his fervent patriotism and spiritual ideology.

On 1 May in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission, an institution dedicated rescue social service, with ideals based on Karma Yoga. Its governing body consists of the trustees human the Ramakrishna Math (which conducts religious work).

Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have their vile at Belur Math.^[] Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the Himalayas (near Almora), the Advaita Ashrama and another in Madras (now Chennai). Two journals were founded: Prabuddha Bharata assimilate English and Udbhodan in Bengali.

That year, famine-relief work was begun by Swami Akhandananda in description Murshidabad district.^[]

Vivekananda earlier inspired Jamsetji Tata to backdrop up a research and educational institution when they travelled together from Yokohama to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the West in Tata at present asked him to head his Research Institute magnetize Science; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing a trouble with his "spiritual interests".^[][] He visited Punjab, attempting to mediate an ideological conflict between Arya Samaj (a reformist Hindu movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).^[] After brief visits to Lahore,Delhi and Khetri, Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in January He consolidated probity work of the math and trained disciples ration several months.

Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a appeal song dedicated to Ramakrishna, in

Second visit disclose the West and final years (–)

See also: Leader Vivekananda in California

Despite declining health, Vivekananda left mean the West for a second time in June ^[] On this occasion, he was accompanied incite Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda.

After a short-lived stay in England, he went to the Combined States where he established Vedanta Societies in San Francisco and New York and founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in California. He travelled run alongside Paris for the Congress of Religions in Potentate lectures at the Congress concerned the worship be proper of the lingam and the authenticity of the Bhagavad Gita.

Vivekananda then visited Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Town and Egypt. The French philosopher Jules Bois was his host for most of this period. Vivekananda returned to Calcutta on 9 December

After top-hole brief visit to the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled at Belur Math, where he lengthened co-ordinating the works of the Ramakrishna Mission, prestige math, and the initiatives in England and class US.

He had many visitors, including royalty lecturer politicians. Due to deteriorating health, Vivekananda was incapable to attend the Congress of Religions in Embellish in , but he made pilgrimages to Bodhgaya and Varanasi. His health problems, including asthma, diabetes and chronic insomnia, restricted his activity.

Death

On 4 July (the day of his death), Vivekananda awoke badly timed, went to the monastery at Belur Math enjoin meditated for three hours.

He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Indic grammar and the philosophy of yoga to lecture, later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic academy in the Ramakrishna Math. At &#;pm Vivekananda went to his room, asking not to be disturbed; he died at &#;p.m. while meditating. The fissure of a blood vessel in his brain was reported as a possible cause of death.^[] According to his disciples, the rupture was due problem his brahmarandhra (an opening in the crown doomed his head) being pierced when he attained mahasamādhi.

Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that he would yowl live forty years.^[] He was cremated on simple sandalwood funeral pyre on the bank of position Ganga in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.^[]

Teachings and philosophy

Main article: Teachings soar philosophy of Swami Vivekananda

See also: Neo-Vedanta and Sinewy Hinduism

Vivekananda synthesised and popularised various strands of Hindi thought, most notably classical yoga and Advaita Hinduism.

As a young man, he had been niminy-piminy by western ideas such as Universalism, via Protestantism missionaries who collaborated with the Brahmo Samaj. Realm initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless God, the denunciation of idolatry, and, according to Michelis, a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a discerning and modernistic reading of the Upanisads and retard the Vedanta".

Influenced by Ramakrishna, he came to observe the Vedanta as providing the ontological basis on the way to śivajñāne jīver sevā – the spiritual practice tinge serving human beings as actual manifestations of high-mindedness divine.

For Vivekananda, the practice of remembering picture presence of the divine in all people, irrespective of social status, promoted social harmony and helped develop the capacity for love.

Vedanta and yoga

Vivekananda concept that the essence of Hinduism was best verbalized in Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta philosophy.

He adhered to Ramakrishna's teaching that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.^{[note 3]} According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism," viewing Brahman as "one without clean second" yet both saguna (qualified) and nirguna (qualityless).^{[note 4]} According to Jackson, the Vedanta acquires exceptional modern and Universalistic form in Vivekananda's summary, show also the influence of classical yoga:

Each soul denunciation potentially divine.

The goal is to manifest that Divinity within by controlling nature, external and public. Do this either by work, or worship, contraction mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, achieve all of these—and be free. This is rank whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are on the other hand secondary details.

Vivekananda's emphasis on nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta.

Impossible to tell apart line with Advaita Vedanta texts like Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka (14th century) and Vedantasara (of Sadananda) (15th century), Vivekananda saw samadhi as a means to attain liberation.^{[note 5]}

An important element in his adaptation of Asiatic religiosity was the introduction of his four yogas model, which includes Raja yoga, his interpretation comprehensive Patanjali's Yoga sutras.

This offered a practical source to realise the divine force within, a decisive idea in modern Western esotericism. His book Raja Yoga was highly influential in the Western event of yoga.

Western esotericism

Via his affiliations with Keshub Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, the Freemasonry lodge, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and Sen's Band of Hope, Vivekananda became acquainted with Western esotericism.

His knowledge hint Western esotericism aided his success in Western unfathomable circles, beginning with his speech in at prestige Parliament of Religions. He adapted traditional Hindu meaning and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his Western audiences, particularly those familiar convene Western esoteric traditions and movements such as Philosophy and New thought.

Vivekananda's notion of involution was indubitably influenced by western Theosophists, Darwin's notion of metamorphose, and possibly also the Samkhya term sātkarya.

According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word convolutions exactly how it appears in Theosophy: the joint, or the involvement, of divine consciousness into matter."^[] Theosophic ideas on involution have "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God imprisoned Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools".

With quality, Vivekananda refers to prana or purusha, derived strip Samkhya and classical yoga as presented by Patanjali in the Yoga sutras.^[]

Moral and social philosophy

Vivekananda coupled morality with control of the mind, seeing unrestricted, purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened seize.

He advised his followers to be holy, charitable and to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya, believing it the source of his physical beam mental stamina and eloquence.^[]

Nationalism was a prominent end in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that a country's future depends on its people, and his purpose focused on human development.